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Vahteri, M. 2024. Effects of moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise on adolescents’ inhibition during prolonged sitting – VERNA-study. University of Jyväskylä, Master’s thesis in Sports and Exercise Medicine, 80 pp., 3 appendices.
The aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate whether interrupting prolonged sitting with short exercise bouts affect inhibition in adolescents. The possible differences in the effects of moderate- and high-intensity exercise were also considered. Executive functions are necessary for purposeful behaviors, including studying and other activities in youth's everyday life. The development of executive functions continues during early adulthood. Inhibition is an essential part of executive functions, and it represents an ability to inhibit irrelevant stimuli and maintain goal-directed action.
According to earlier studies acute aerobic exercise has an enhancing effect on the inhibition of adolescents. However, it has not been studied whether short bouts of exercise during prolonged sitting affect inhibition in adolescents. In Finland, adolescents are exceeding the recommended sedentary time, disregarding the physical activity guidelines. Their incomplete executive functions may cause challenges in an environment full of stimuli and distractions. Therefore, it is reasonable to examine interrupting long periods of sitting with short bouts of exercise and their presumable positive impact on executive functions in adolescents.
The data of this master’s thesis consisted of a subsample of Vascular and brain health, ExeRcise, and Nutrition in Adolescents (VERNA) -study. Participants of the subsample were 12–14-year-old healthy girls (n=10) and boys (n=8) recruited from schools in Jyväskylä. The crossover intervention included three conditions: in every condition the participant spent about seven hours sitting. During one day, sedentary time was interrupted by three bouts of moderate intensity interval exercise (MIIE), and during one day three bouts of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), while one day was a control condition. The exercise sessions consisted of one-minute intervals, with 3x4x1min=12min (MIIE) and 3x3x1min=9min (HIIE) of total exercise accumulated per day. Inhibition was measured with a flanker test about one hour after exercise and altogether four times per each condition. There were two variables of inhibition, accuracy and reaction time. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. A linear mixed model was used to examine the interaction effects of condition and time.
The results showed that the change in inhibition did not differ between conditions. No differences were observed in accuracy (MIIE vs control p=0.749; HIIE vs control p=0.904; MIIE vs HIIE p=0.788) or reaction time (MIIE vs control p=0.928; HIIE vs control p=0.939; MIIE vs HIIE p=0.890) of inhibition. It was concluded that moderate or high intensity exercise did not affect inhibition. These results were somewhat contradictory to the results of previous studies, although the settings and methodologies are not directly comparable between this and previous studies. It is possible that cognitive benefits of exercise may appear only after a certain amount of exercise or after a certain time delay. Moreover, the small number of participants in this subsample and the participant characteristics may have modified the results. Further studies are needed to determine what amount and intensity of exercise is sufficient to support adolescents’ inhibition. That information could help design the school procedures and define the guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for adolescents.
Key words: adolescent, exercise, interval training, sitting, executive function, inhibition
Vahteri, M. 2024. Keski- ja korkeatehoisen kestävyystyyppisen intervalliliikunnan vaikutus nuorten inhibitioon pitkäkestoisen istumisen aikana – VERNA-tutkimus.
Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyväskylän yliopisto, (liikuntalääketiede) pro gradu -tutkielma, 80 s., 3 liitettä.
Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, vaikuttavatko pitkäkestoista istumista tauottavat lyhyet kestävyystyyppiset intervalliliikuntapätkät nuorten inhibitioon koulupäivää vastaavan istumisjakson aikana. Lisäksi vertailtiin keski- ja korkeatehoisen liikunnan vaikutuksia. Toiminnanohjaus on arjen sujumisen ja oppimisen kannalta keskeinen kognitiivinen ominaisuus, jonka kehitys jatkuu vielä varhaisaikuisuuteen. Toiminnanohjauksen osa-alue, inhibitio, kuvaa kykyä sulkea epäoleelliset ärsykkeet keskittymisen ulkopuolelle.
Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa esiteltyjen aiempien tutkimuksien mukaan kertaluontoisella kestävyysliikunnalla on havaittu olevan nuorten inhibitiota edistävä vaikutus. Kuitenkaan pitkäkestoisen istumisen aikaisten, lyhyiden liikuntapätkien vaikutusta inhibitioon ei ole nuorilla tutkittu. Suomalaiset nuoret istuvat suositukseen nähden runsaasti ja nuoruudessa toiminnanohjaus voi olla haastavaa. Siksi olisi tarpeen tutkia, voiko istumisen katkaiseminen lyhytkestoisellakin kestävyysliikunnalla tukea nuorten toiminnanohjausta ja inhibitiota.
Aineistona käytettiin Vascular and brain health, ExeRcise, and Nutrition in Adolescents (VERNA) -tutkimuksen osa-aineistoa. Se (n=18) koostui 12–14-vuotiaista, Jyväskylän kouluista rekrytoiduista, perusterveistä tytöistä (n=10) ja pojista (n=8). Interventio toteutettiin ristikkäiskokeena kaikkien osallistuessa jokaiseen kolmeen interventiopäivään. Niiden aikana istuttiin noin 7 tuntia, mutta yhtenä päivänä istumista tauotettiin kolmesti keskitehoisella intervalliliikunnalla (MIIE), yhtenä päivänä puolestaan korkeatehoisella intervalliliikunnalla (HIIE) ja yhtenä päivänä vain istuttiin (kontrolli). Liikuntatuokiot koostuivat minuutin kestoisista intervalleista ja liikuntaa kertyi päivässä noin 3x4x1min=12min (MIIE) ja 3x3x1min=9min (HIIE). Inhibition mittaus tapahtui noin tunnin viiveellä liikunnasta. Inhibitiota mitattiin yhteensä neljästi kunakin päivänä flanker-testillä, josta saatiin tuloksina tarkkuus ja reaktioaika. Tilastollisena analyysinä käytettiin lineaarista sekamallia, jolla tarkasteltiin inhibition muutoksen eroja interventiopäivien välillä.
Tuloksista ilmeni, että inhibition muutos päivän aikana ei eronnut interventiopäivien välillä. Eroja ei havaittu inhibition tarkkuudessa (MIIE vs kontrolli p=0,749; HIIE vs kontrolli p=0,904; MIIE vs HIIE p=0,788) eikä reaktioajassa (MIIE vs kontrolli p=0,928; HIIE vs kontrolli p=0,939; MIIE vs HIIE p=0,890). Kumpikaan pitkäkestoisen istumisen aikainen liikuntakäsittely ei siis edistänyt eikä huonontanut nuorten inhibitiota. Tulos on ristiriitainen aiempien, joskin tutkimusasetelmiltaan hieman erilaisten, interventioiden kanssa. Voi olla, että aiemmissa interventioissa havaittu akuutin kestävyysliikunnan inhibitiota edistävä vaikutus ilmenee vasta tietyn liikuntamäärän jälkeen ja heti tai tietyllä viiveellä mitattuna. Lisäksi tutkittavien ominaisuuksilla tai osa-aineiston pienuudella voi olla vaikutusta tuloksiin. Lisätutkimusta tarvitaan määrittämään intensiteetiltään ja kestoltaan optimaalinen taukoliikunta nuorten inhibition tukemiseen. Näin voitaisiin tarkentaa nuorten liikkumisen ja paikallaanolon suosituksia sekä hyödyntää tietoa esimerkiksi koulupäivien suunnittelussa.
Asiasanat: nuoret, liikunta, intervalliharjoittelu, istuminen, toiminnanohjaus, inhibitio
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Haapala, Eero", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Vahteri, Minna", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2024-10-04T08:29:29Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2024-10-04T08:29:29Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2024", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/97340", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Vahteri, M. 2024. Effects of moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise on adolescents\u2019 inhibition during prolonged sitting \u2013 VERNA-study. University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Master\u2019s thesis in Sports and Exercise Medicine, 80 pp., 3 appendices.\n\nThe aim of this master\u2019s thesis was to investigate whether interrupting prolonged sitting with short exercise bouts affect inhibition in adolescents. The possible differences in the effects of moderate- and high-intensity exercise were also considered. Executive functions are necessary for purposeful behaviors, including studying and other activities in youth's everyday life. The development of executive functions continues during early adulthood. Inhibition is an essential part of executive functions, and it represents an ability to inhibit irrelevant stimuli and maintain goal-directed action. \n\nAccording to earlier studies acute aerobic exercise has an enhancing effect on the inhibition of adolescents. However, it has not been studied whether short bouts of exercise during prolonged sitting affect inhibition in adolescents. In Finland, adolescents are exceeding the recommended sedentary time, disregarding the physical activity guidelines. Their incomplete executive functions may cause challenges in an environment full of stimuli and distractions. Therefore, it is reasonable to examine interrupting long periods of sitting with short bouts of exercise and their presumable positive impact on executive functions in adolescents.\n\nThe data of this master\u2019s thesis consisted of a subsample of Vascular and brain health, ExeRcise, and Nutrition in Adolescents (VERNA) -study. Participants of the subsample were 12\u201314-year-old healthy girls (n=10) and boys (n=8) recruited from schools in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. The crossover intervention included three conditions: in every condition the participant spent about seven hours sitting. During one day, sedentary time was interrupted by three bouts of moderate intensity interval exercise (MIIE), and during one day three bouts of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), while one day was a control condition. The exercise sessions consisted of one-minute intervals, with 3x4x1min=12min (MIIE) and 3x3x1min=9min (HIIE) of total exercise accumulated per day. Inhibition was measured with a flanker test about one hour after exercise and altogether four times per each condition. There were two variables of inhibition, accuracy and reaction time. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. A linear mixed model was used to examine the interaction effects of condition and time.\n\nThe results showed that the change in inhibition did not differ between conditions. No differences were observed in accuracy (MIIE vs control p=0.749; HIIE vs control p=0.904; MIIE vs HIIE p=0.788) or reaction time (MIIE vs control p=0.928; HIIE vs control p=0.939; MIIE vs HIIE p=0.890) of inhibition. It was concluded that moderate or high intensity exercise did not affect inhibition. These results were somewhat contradictory to the results of previous studies, although the settings and methodologies are not directly comparable between this and previous studies. It is possible that cognitive benefits of exercise may appear only after a certain amount of exercise or after a certain time delay. Moreover, the small number of participants in this subsample and the participant characteristics may have modified the results. Further studies are needed to determine what amount and intensity of exercise is sufficient to support adolescents\u2019 inhibition. That information could help design the school procedures and define the guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for adolescents.\n\nKey words: adolescent, exercise, interval training, sitting, executive function, inhibition", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Vahteri, M. 2024. Keski- ja korkeatehoisen kest\u00e4vyystyyppisen intervalliliikunnan vaikutus nuorten inhibitioon pitk\u00e4kestoisen istumisen aikana \u2013 VERNA-tutkimus.\nLiikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, (liikuntal\u00e4\u00e4ketiede) pro gradu -tutkielma, 80 s., 3 liitett\u00e4. \n\nTutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, vaikuttavatko pitk\u00e4kestoista istumista tauottavat lyhyet kest\u00e4vyystyyppiset intervalliliikuntap\u00e4tk\u00e4t nuorten inhibitioon koulup\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4 vastaavan istumisjakson aikana. Lis\u00e4ksi vertailtiin keski- ja korkeatehoisen liikunnan vaikutuksia. Toiminnanohjaus on arjen sujumisen ja oppimisen kannalta keskeinen kognitiivinen ominaisuus, jonka kehitys jatkuu viel\u00e4 varhaisaikuisuuteen. Toiminnanohjauksen osa-alue, inhibitio, kuvaa kyky\u00e4 sulkea ep\u00e4oleelliset \u00e4rsykkeet keskittymisen ulkopuolelle.\n\nKirjallisuuskatsauksessa esiteltyjen aiempien tutkimuksien mukaan kertaluontoisella kest\u00e4vyysliikunnalla on havaittu olevan nuorten inhibitiota edist\u00e4v\u00e4 vaikutus. Kuitenkaan pitk\u00e4kestoisen istumisen aikaisten, lyhyiden liikuntap\u00e4tkien vaikutusta inhibitioon ei ole nuorilla tutkittu. Suomalaiset nuoret istuvat suositukseen n\u00e4hden runsaasti ja nuoruudessa toiminnanohjaus voi olla haastavaa. Siksi olisi tarpeen tutkia, voiko istumisen katkaiseminen lyhytkestoisellakin kest\u00e4vyysliikunnalla tukea nuorten toiminnanohjausta ja inhibitiota.\n\nAineistona k\u00e4ytettiin Vascular and brain health, ExeRcise, and Nutrition in Adolescents (VERNA) -tutkimuksen osa-aineistoa. Se (n=18) koostui 12\u201314-vuotiaista, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n kouluista rekrytoiduista, perusterveist\u00e4 tyt\u00f6ist\u00e4 (n=10) ja pojista (n=8). Interventio toteutettiin ristikk\u00e4iskokeena kaikkien osallistuessa jokaiseen kolmeen interventiop\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4n. Niiden aikana istuttiin noin 7 tuntia, mutta yhten\u00e4 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n\u00e4 istumista tauotettiin kolmesti keskitehoisella intervalliliikunnalla (MIIE), yhten\u00e4 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n\u00e4 puolestaan korkeatehoisella intervalliliikunnalla (HIIE) ja yhten\u00e4 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n\u00e4 vain istuttiin (kontrolli). Liikuntatuokiot koostuivat minuutin kestoisista intervalleista ja liikuntaa kertyi p\u00e4iv\u00e4ss\u00e4 noin 3x4x1min=12min (MIIE) ja 3x3x1min=9min (HIIE). Inhibition mittaus tapahtui noin tunnin viiveell\u00e4 liikunnasta. Inhibitiota mitattiin yhteens\u00e4 nelj\u00e4sti kunakin p\u00e4iv\u00e4n\u00e4 flanker-testill\u00e4, josta saatiin tuloksina tarkkuus ja reaktioaika. Tilastollisena analyysin\u00e4 k\u00e4ytettiin lineaarista sekamallia, jolla tarkasteltiin inhibition muutoksen eroja interventiop\u00e4ivien v\u00e4lill\u00e4.\n\nTuloksista ilmeni, ett\u00e4 inhibition muutos p\u00e4iv\u00e4n aikana ei eronnut interventiop\u00e4ivien v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Eroja ei havaittu inhibition tarkkuudessa (MIIE vs kontrolli p=0,749; HIIE vs kontrolli p=0,904; MIIE vs HIIE p=0,788) eik\u00e4 reaktioajassa (MIIE vs kontrolli p=0,928; HIIE vs kontrolli p=0,939; MIIE vs HIIE p=0,890). Kumpikaan pitk\u00e4kestoisen istumisen aikainen liikuntak\u00e4sittely ei siis edist\u00e4nyt eik\u00e4 huonontanut nuorten inhibitiota. Tulos on ristiriitainen aiempien, joskin tutkimusasetelmiltaan hieman erilaisten, interventioiden kanssa. Voi olla, ett\u00e4 aiemmissa interventioissa havaittu akuutin kest\u00e4vyysliikunnan inhibitiota edist\u00e4v\u00e4 vaikutus ilmenee vasta tietyn liikuntam\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n j\u00e4lkeen ja heti tai tietyll\u00e4 viiveell\u00e4 mitattuna. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkittavien ominaisuuksilla tai osa-aineiston pienuudella voi olla vaikutusta tuloksiin. Lis\u00e4tutkimusta tarvitaan m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n intensiteetilt\u00e4\u00e4n ja kestoltaan optimaalinen taukoliikunta nuorten inhibition tukemiseen. N\u00e4in voitaisiin tarkentaa nuorten liikkumisen ja paikallaanolon suosituksia sek\u00e4 hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4\u00e4 tietoa esimerkiksi koulup\u00e4ivien suunnittelussa.\n\nAsiasanat: nuoret, liikunta, intervalliharjoittelu, istuminen, toiminnanohjaus, inhibitio", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2024-10-04T08:29:29Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2024-10-04T08:29:29Z (GMT). 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