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Live high–train low and high (LHTLH)-korkeanpaikan harjoittelun on pohdittu voivan tehostaa korkeanpaikan harjoittelusta saavutettavia hematologisia ja kestävyyssuorituskykyvasteita. Lisäksi LHTLH-jakson jälkeen jatketun ajoittaisen hypoksia-altistuksen (IHE) ja -harjoittelun (IHT) on pohdittu voivan vaikuttaa ainakin hematologisten vasteiden säilymiseen. Näin ollen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää LHTLH-jakson aikaansaamia vasteita kestävyysurheilijoiden hematologiassa ja kestävyyssuorituskyvyssä sekä LHTLH-jakson jälkeen jatketun IHE+IHT-jakson vaikusta vasteisiin. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin vasteiden yksilöllisyyttä.
Tutkimukseen osallistui 39 hiihtolajien urheilijaa (ikä 22 ± 3 vuotta). Tutkimus koostui viidestä osasta: pre1-, post1/pre2- ja post2-mittauksista sekä näiden välissä tapahtuneista kahdesta interventiosta. Tutkittavista 23 suoritti neljän viikon LHTLH-jakson (LHTLH-ryhmä) ∼2400 m normobaarisessa hypoksiassa ja 15 kontrollijakson (KON-ryhmä). LHTLH-jaksolla tehtiin kahdesti viikossa matalatehoinen juoksuharjoitus (1 h) ∼2500 m normobaarisessa hypoksiassa. Muuten tutkittavat harjoittelivat normoksiassa. 9 tutkittavaa jatkoi (IHE+IHT-ryhmä), ja 12 ei jatkanut (NORM-ryhmä), ajoittaisia hypoksia-altistuksia LHTLH-jakson jälkeen (IHE+IHT-jakso) kerran tai kahdesti viikossa 3–4 viikon ajan. Normobaariset IHE+IHT-sessiot (3 h) sisälsivät kahden tunnin lepoaltistuksen ja tunnin matalatehoisen juoksuharjoituksen (∼2500 m). Hematologisia muuttujia tutkittiin optimoidulla hiilimonoksidin takaisinhengitysmenetelmällä, laskimoverinäytteillä ja happisaturaatiomittauksilla. Kestävyyssuorituskykyä mitattiin suoralla maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn testillä. Mittaukset tehtiin LHTLH-jakson KON-jakson alussa ja lopussa sekä IHE+IHT- ja NORM-ryhmälle neljä viikkoa LHTLH-jakson päättymisestä.
Hbmassa kasvoi LHTLH:lla 4,7 ± 2,2 %, 766 ± 197 g:sta (11,5 ± 1,4 g/kg) 799 ± 206 g:aan (12,3 ± 1,6 g/kg) (p < 0,001), mutta KON:lla ei tapahtunut muutosta 0,8 ± 2,3 %, 844 ± 166 g:sta (11,6 ± 1,5 g/kg) 850 ± 164 g:aan (11,8 ± 1,6 g/kg) (p = 0,179). VO2max ja teoreettinen VO2max (ml/kg/min) kasvoivat ryhmästä riippumatta (LHTLH:lla 2,3 ± 5,5 %, p = 0,049 ja 2,9 ± 4,2 %, p = 0,003 ja KON:lla 4,8 ± 4,7 %, p = 0,002 ja 4,1 ± 4,4 %, p = 0,001). Toisessa interventiossa Hbmassa (g) ei muuttunut IHE+IHT:lla –2,2 ± 4,3 % (p = 0,149) eikä NORM:lla –2,7 ± 3,8 % (p = 0,078). VO2max (ml/kg/min) nousi tilastollisesti merkitsevästi IHE+IHT:lla 3,9 ± 5,3 % (p = 0,037), mutta säilyi muuttumattomana NORM:lla 0,8 ± 3,6 % (p = 0,630). Teoreettinen VO2max (ml/kg/min) ei muuttunut ryhmästä riippumatta (IHE+IHT:lla –0,1 ± 2,7 %, p = 0,972 ja NORM:lla 1,7 ± 5,3 %, p = 0,422). Vasteissa havaittiin huomionarvoista yksilöllistä vaihtelua.
Neljän viikon normobaarinen LHTLH-jakso tuotti hyödyllisiä hematologisia vasteita, mutta kestävyyssuorituskyvyssä ei havaittu välitöntä parannusta kontrollijaksoon verrattuna. LHTLH:n jälkeisellä IHE+IHT-jaksolla ei havaittu merkitseviä ajan ja ryhmän yhdysvaikutuksia hematologisissa tai kestävyyssuorituskykyvasteissa normoksiassa harjoitteluun verrattuna.
Live high–train low and high (LHTLH)-method has been discussed to improve the hematological and endurance performance responses of altitude training. Post LHTLH-period, intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) and training (IHT) have been discussed to potentially maintain, at least, the hematological responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of a four-week LHTLH -period on endurance athletes’ hematology and endurance performances, and the impact of an IHE+IHT period after LHTLH on these responses, considering individual variability.
Thirty-nine ski athletes (age 22 ± 3 years old) participated in this study, which consisted of 5 parts: pre1- and post1/pre2- and post2-measurements, as well as two interventions in between. 24 participants completed a four-week LHTLH-period (LHTLH-group) at ∼2400 m in normobaric hypoxia, while 15 completed a control intervention (KON-group). Low-intensity running sessions (1 h) were performed twice a week during the LHTLH-period at ∼2500 m normobaric hypoxia. Otherwise, the participants trained in normoxia. After the LHTLH-period, 9 participants (IHE+IHT-group) continued, and 12 did not continue (NORM-group), intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE+IHT-period) once or twice a week for 3–4 weeks. Normobaric IHE+IHT-sessions (3h) included a two-hour rest and a one-hour low-intensity running session (∼2500 m). Hematological variables were assessed using an optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method, venous blood samples, and oxygen saturation measurements. Endurance performance was measured with maximal oxygen uptake test. Measurements were done in the beginning and at the end of LHTLH-period and control intervention, as well as 4 weeks post LHTLH-period for the IHE+IHT and NORM groups.
Hbmass increased in LHTLH 4,7 ± 2,2 %, from 766 ± 197 (11,5 ± 1,4 g/kg) to 799 ± 206 g (12,3 ± 1,6 g/kg) (p < 0,001), but maintained unchanged in KON 0,8 ± 2,3 %, from 844 ± 166 g (11,6 ± 1,5 g/kg) to 850 ± 164 g (11,8 ± 1,6 g/kg) (p = 0,179). VO2max and theoretical VO2max (ml/kg/min) increased regardless of the group (LHTLH 2,3 ± 5,5 %, p = 0,049 and 2,9 ± 4,2 %, p = 0,003 and KON 4,8 ± 4,7 %, p = 0,002 and 4,1 ± 4,4 %, p = 0,001, respectively). During second intervention Hbmass (g) did not changed in either IHE+IHT –2,2 ± 4,3 % (p = 0,149) or in NORM –2,7 ± 3,8 % (p = 0,078). VO2max (ml/kg/min) increased statistically significantly in IHE+IHT 3,9 ± 5,3 % (p = 0,037) but maintained unchanged in NORM 0,8 ± 3,6 % (p = 0,630). Theoretical VO2max (ml/kg/min) did not change regardless of the group (IHE+IHT –0,1 ± 2,7 %, p = 0,972 and NORM 1,7 ± 5,3 %, p = 0,422). Individual variability worth attention was observed in the responses.
Normobaric LHTLH-period induced beneficial hematological responses, but no immediate enhancement was observed in endurance performance compared to the control intervention group. In the post LHTLH IHE+IHT-period, no significant time and group interaction were observed in hematological, or endurance performance responses compared to training in normoxia.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kivel\u00e4, Riikka", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Mikkonen, Ritva", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kettunen, Oona", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Wikstr\u00f6m, Bettina", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2024-06-20T08:41:20Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2024-06-20T08:41:20Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2024", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/96063", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Live high\u2013train low and high (LHTLH)-korkeanpaikan harjoittelun on pohdittu voivan tehostaa korkeanpaikan harjoittelusta saavutettavia hematologisia ja kest\u00e4vyyssuorituskykyvasteita. Lis\u00e4ksi LHTLH-jakson j\u00e4lkeen jatketun ajoittaisen hypoksia-altistuksen (IHE) ja -harjoittelun (IHT) on pohdittu voivan vaikuttaa ainakin hematologisten vasteiden s\u00e4ilymiseen. N\u00e4in ollen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 LHTLH-jakson aikaansaamia vasteita kest\u00e4vyysurheilijoiden hematologiassa ja kest\u00e4vyyssuorituskyvyss\u00e4 sek\u00e4 LHTLH-jakson j\u00e4lkeen jatketun IHE+IHT-jakson vaikusta vasteisiin. Lis\u00e4ksi tarkasteltiin vasteiden yksil\u00f6llisyytt\u00e4.\n\nTutkimukseen osallistui 39 hiihtolajien urheilijaa (ik\u00e4 22 \u00b1 3 vuotta). Tutkimus koostui viidest\u00e4 osasta: pre1-, post1/pre2- ja post2-mittauksista sek\u00e4 n\u00e4iden v\u00e4liss\u00e4 tapahtuneista kahdesta interventiosta. Tutkittavista 23 suoritti nelj\u00e4n viikon LHTLH-jakson (LHTLH-ryhm\u00e4) \u223c2400 m normobaarisessa hypoksiassa ja 15 kontrollijakson (KON-ryhm\u00e4). LHTLH-jaksolla tehtiin kahdesti viikossa matalatehoinen juoksuharjoitus (1 h) \u223c2500 m normobaarisessa hypoksiassa. Muuten tutkittavat harjoittelivat normoksiassa. 9 tutkittavaa jatkoi (IHE+IHT-ryhm\u00e4), ja 12 ei jatkanut (NORM-ryhm\u00e4), ajoittaisia hypoksia-altistuksia LHTLH-jakson j\u00e4lkeen (IHE+IHT-jakso) kerran tai kahdesti viikossa 3\u20134 viikon ajan. Normobaariset IHE+IHT-sessiot (3 h) sis\u00e4lsiv\u00e4t kahden tunnin lepoaltistuksen ja tunnin matalatehoisen juoksuharjoituksen (\u223c2500 m). Hematologisia muuttujia tutkittiin optimoidulla hiilimonoksidin takaisinhengitysmenetelm\u00e4ll\u00e4, laskimoverin\u00e4ytteill\u00e4 ja happisaturaatiomittauksilla. Kest\u00e4vyyssuorituskyky\u00e4 mitattiin suoralla maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn testill\u00e4. Mittaukset tehtiin LHTLH-jakson KON-jakson alussa ja lopussa sek\u00e4 IHE+IHT- ja NORM-ryhm\u00e4lle nelj\u00e4 viikkoa LHTLH-jakson p\u00e4\u00e4ttymisest\u00e4.\n\nHbmassa kasvoi LHTLH:lla 4,7 \u00b1 2,2 %, 766 \u00b1 197 g:sta (11,5 \u00b1 1,4 g/kg) 799 \u00b1 206 g:aan (12,3 \u00b1 1,6 g/kg) (p < 0,001), mutta KON:lla ei tapahtunut muutosta 0,8 \u00b1 2,3 %, 844 \u00b1 166 g:sta (11,6 \u00b1 1,5 g/kg) 850 \u00b1 164 g:aan (11,8 \u00b1 1,6 g/kg) (p = 0,179). VO2max ja teoreettinen VO2max (ml/kg/min) kasvoivat ryhm\u00e4st\u00e4 riippumatta (LHTLH:lla 2,3 \u00b1 5,5 %, p = 0,049 ja 2,9 \u00b1 4,2 %, p = 0,003 ja KON:lla 4,8 \u00b1 4,7 %, p = 0,002 ja 4,1 \u00b1 4,4 %, p = 0,001). Toisessa interventiossa Hbmassa (g) ei muuttunut IHE+IHT:lla \u20132,2 \u00b1 4,3 % (p = 0,149) eik\u00e4 NORM:lla \u20132,7 \u00b1 3,8 % (p = 0,078). VO2max (ml/kg/min) nousi tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti IHE+IHT:lla 3,9 \u00b1 5,3 % (p = 0,037), mutta s\u00e4ilyi muuttumattomana NORM:lla 0,8 \u00b1 3,6 % (p = 0,630). Teoreettinen VO2max (ml/kg/min) ei muuttunut ryhm\u00e4st\u00e4 riippumatta (IHE+IHT:lla \u20130,1 \u00b1 2,7 %, p = 0,972 ja NORM:lla 1,7 \u00b1 5,3 %, p = 0,422). Vasteissa havaittiin huomionarvoista yksil\u00f6llist\u00e4 vaihtelua.\n\nNelj\u00e4n viikon normobaarinen LHTLH-jakso tuotti hy\u00f6dyllisi\u00e4 hematologisia vasteita, mutta kest\u00e4vyyssuorituskyvyss\u00e4 ei havaittu v\u00e4lit\u00f6nt\u00e4 parannusta kontrollijaksoon verrattuna. LHTLH:n j\u00e4lkeisell\u00e4 IHE+IHT-jaksolla ei havaittu merkitsevi\u00e4 ajan ja ryhm\u00e4n yhdysvaikutuksia hematologisissa tai kest\u00e4vyyssuorituskykyvasteissa normoksiassa harjoitteluun verrattuna.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Live high\u2013train low and high (LHTLH)-method has been discussed to improve the hematological and endurance performance responses of altitude training. Post LHTLH-period, intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) and training (IHT) have been discussed to potentially maintain, at least, the hematological responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of a four-week LHTLH -period on endurance athletes\u2019 hematology and endurance performances, and the impact of an IHE+IHT period after LHTLH on these responses, considering individual variability.\n\nThirty-nine ski athletes (age 22 \u00b1 3 years old) participated in this study, which consisted of 5 parts: pre1- and post1/pre2- and post2-measurements, as well as two interventions in between. 24 participants completed a four-week LHTLH-period (LHTLH-group) at \u223c2400 m in normobaric hypoxia, while 15 completed a control intervention (KON-group). Low-intensity running sessions (1 h) were performed twice a week during the LHTLH-period at \u223c2500 m normobaric hypoxia. Otherwise, the participants trained in normoxia. After the LHTLH-period, 9 participants (IHE+IHT-group) continued, and 12 did not continue (NORM-group), intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE+IHT-period) once or twice a week for 3\u20134 weeks. Normobaric IHE+IHT-sessions (3h) included a two-hour rest and a one-hour low-intensity running session (\u223c2500 m). Hematological variables were assessed using an optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method, venous blood samples, and oxygen saturation measurements. Endurance performance was measured with maximal oxygen uptake test. Measurements were done in the beginning and at the end of LHTLH-period and control intervention, as well as 4 weeks post LHTLH-period for the IHE+IHT and NORM groups.\n\nHbmass increased in LHTLH 4,7 \u00b1 2,2 %, from 766 \u00b1 197 (11,5 \u00b1 1,4 g/kg) to 799 \u00b1 206 g (12,3 \u00b1 1,6 g/kg) (p < 0,001), but maintained unchanged in KON 0,8 \u00b1 2,3 %, from 844 \u00b1 166 g (11,6 \u00b1 1,5 g/kg) to 850 \u00b1 164 g (11,8 \u00b1 1,6 g/kg) (p = 0,179). VO2max and theoretical VO2max (ml/kg/min) increased regardless of the group (LHTLH 2,3 \u00b1 5,5 %, p = 0,049 and 2,9 \u00b1 4,2 %, p = 0,003 and KON 4,8 \u00b1 4,7 %, p = 0,002 and 4,1 \u00b1 4,4 %, p = 0,001, respectively). During second intervention Hbmass (g) did not changed in either IHE+IHT \u20132,2 \u00b1 4,3 % (p = 0,149) or in NORM \u20132,7 \u00b1 3,8 % (p = 0,078). VO2max (ml/kg/min) increased statistically significantly in IHE+IHT 3,9 \u00b1 5,3 % (p = 0,037) but maintained unchanged in NORM 0,8 \u00b1 3,6 % (p = 0,630). Theoretical VO2max (ml/kg/min) did not change regardless of the group (IHE+IHT \u20130,1 \u00b1 2,7 %, p = 0,972 and NORM 1,7 \u00b1 5,3 %, p = 0,422). Individual variability worth attention was observed in the responses. \n\nNormobaric LHTLH-period induced beneficial hematological responses, but no immediate enhancement was observed in endurance performance compared to the control intervention group. In the post LHTLH IHE+IHT-period, no significant time and group interaction were observed in hematological, or endurance performance responses compared to training in normoxia.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2024-06-20T08:41:20Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2024-06-20T08:41:20Z (GMT). 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