| Yhteenveto: | Entrepreneurship research studies how and why firms come into being, survive
and grow (Davidsson, 2004; Gartner, 1985; Schumpeter, 1934). Early literature
has proposed a linear model of entrepreneurship which is intentional (Bird,
1988), opportunity discovery (Kirzner, 1997; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)
and goal & strategy oriented (Wiklund & Shepherd, 2005). Being a mainstream
in the earlier research, it is labelled as causation model by Sarasvathy (2001).
Several scholars such as Baker & Nelson (2005) and Sarasvathy (2001a, b; 2008)
questioned the validity of the model and proposed two additional models to
the classic model: Effectuation (Sarasvathy, 1998) and Entrepreneurial Bricolage
(Baker & Nelson, 2005). These models claim that entrepreneurs not only start by
planning the ends and exploit opportunities, however they start with means at
hand which drive them to different ends.
Taking the initiative from immigrant entrepreneurship literature and
causation, effectuation and bricolage models, this study critically reviews the
theories and proposals as well as the margins between these three
entrepreneurship models. In addition, the literature review findings are
empirically studied on four Finnish immigrant entrepreneur start-ups by a
semi-structured interview. Their start-up behaviours and reasoning is
categorized under “initial plan and process factors”, “financial decision-making” and
“strategic reasoning” and reflected on the studied theoretical models by the
method of qualitative content analysis.
Results clearly prove that causation, effectuation and entrepreneurial
bricolage are an integral part of the case immigrant entrepreneurs’ firm creation
reasoning and behaviours. Moreover, entrepreneurial bricolage model is
studied in the context of affluent resources & environment and the
development of the model is suggested under this context in addition to the
context of penurious environment and scarce resources as introduced by Le’vyStrauss (1966) and developed by Baker & Nelson (2005) in entrepreneurship
literature. Further directions for future research and managerial implications
are discussed as concluding remarks of this study.
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