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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Kortesm\u00e4ki, Markus", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2012-09-17T10:41:49Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2012-09-17T10:41:49Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2012", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1226902", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/38553", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Tarkastelen tutkielmassani ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen k\u00e4sitett\u00e4 Ludwig Wittgensteinin my\u00f6h\u00e4isfilosofian pohjalta. Pyrin samalla sek\u00e4 esittelem\u00e4\u00e4n ett\u00e4 soveltamaan Wittgensteinin erityislaatuista filosofista menetelm\u00e4\u00e4. Tulkintani mukaan Wittgenstein k\u00e4sitti filosofian teht\u00e4v\u00e4ksi sen osoittamisen, ett\u00e4 filosofiset ongelmat perustuvat virheellisille oletuksille. T\u00e4m\u00e4 osoitetaan tarkastelemalla ongelman kannalta relevanttien k\u00e4sitteiden \u201dkielioppia\u201d eli k\u00e4ytt\u00f6s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4, jotka m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t niiden merkityksen. Filosofian tarkoitus ei siis ole esitt\u00e4\u00e4 ratkaisuja filosofisiin ongelmiin vaan paljastaa niiden olevan mielett\u00f6mi\u00e4 osoittamalla, ett\u00e4 jos ilmaisuja k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n niiden kieliopin mukaisesti, filosofisia ongelmia ei synny. T\u00e4t\u00e4 metodia pyrin my\u00f6s noudattamaan tutkiessani ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen k\u00e4sitteeseen liittyvi\u00e4 filosofisia ongelmia. Tutkin ensin kahta kielellisten merkitysten ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4miseen liittyv\u00e4\u00e4 filosofista ongelmaa, jotka nime\u00e4n merkityksen ongelmaksi ja ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen ongelmaksi. Merkityksen ongelma kuuluu: \u201dmiten kielellisell\u00e4 ilmaisulla voi olla merkitys?\u201d Hegemonisessa asemassa l\u00e4pi filosofian historian olleelle augustinolaiselle kielik\u00e4sitykselle ominainen vastausstrategia on etsi\u00e4 ilmaisun ja sen merkityksen yhdist\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 metafyysist\u00e4 \u201dv\u00e4lij\u00e4sent\u00e4\u201d. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vastaus synnytt\u00e4\u00e4 enemm\u00e4n kysymyksi\u00e4 kuin vastauksia. Ongelmasta p\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4\u00e4n eroon omaksumalla wittgensteinilainen kielik\u00e4sitys, jonka mukaan sanan yhdist\u00e4\u00e4 sen merkitykseen konventio, kieliopillinen s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6. Vastaava on muodoltaan ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen ongelma, joka kuuluu: \u201dmiten voimme ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4 kielellisten ilmaisujen merkityksi\u00e4?\u201d Augustinolaiset filosofit ehdottavat ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen perustaksi ajattelun kielt\u00e4, mik\u00e4 johtaa j\u00e4lleen ongelmiin. T\u00e4m\u00e4 kest\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6m\u00e4ksi osoittautuva, merkitykset tosiseikkoihin redusoimaan pyrkiv\u00e4 teoria on korvattava normatiivisella kielik\u00e4sityksell\u00e4: kielellisen ilmaisun ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4minen on kyky\u00e4 pelata kielipeli\u00e4, johon ilmaisu kuuluu eli osallistua siihen normatiiviseen el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotoon, jossa ilmaisua k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n. Toisessa p\u00e4\u00e4luvussa tutkin toisten el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotojen ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4mist\u00e4 j\u00e4lleen kahden filosofisen ongelma kautta. Varman tiedon ongelma eli kysymys varmimmasta mahdollisesta tiedosta paljastuu mielett\u00f6m\u00e4ksi. Ilmenee, ett\u00e4 varmat perususkomuksemme eiv\u00e4t ole tietoa vaan normatiivisten el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotojemme s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4. Toiseen el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotoon kuuluvan ihmisen ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4minen merkitsee samojen asioiden pit\u00e4mist\u00e4 varmana. Lopulta k\u00e4sittelen toisten el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotojen ongelmaksi nime\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4ni paradoksia, jonka mukaan emme voisi koskaan ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4 toisia el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotoja, koska ne ovat omamme kanssa yhteismitattomia. Ongelmanasetteluun sis\u00e4ltyv\u00e4 oletus el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuotojen yhteismitattomuudesta niiss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytettyjen ilmaisujen k\u00e4\u00e4ntym\u00e4tt\u00f6myyten\u00e4 osoittautuu kuitenkin sis\u00e4isesti ristiriitaiseksi. Eri el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuodoista on silti mielek\u00e4st\u00e4 puhua, sill\u00e4 toisenlaisia s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6j\u00e4 seuraava ihminen ei v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 pysty rationaalisesti vakuuttamaan toista omien s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6jens\u00e4 paremmuudesta, eik\u00e4 toisen el\u00e4m\u00e4nmuodon ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4minen siten aina k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ss\u00e4 onnistu.", "language": "", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Markus Kortesm\u00e4ki (mamikort) on 2012-09-17 10:41:48.547561. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (1 tekij\u00e4) (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake-1-tekijae). JyX data:", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija@noreply.fi) on 2012-09-17T10:41:49Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201209172417.pdf: 465301 bytes, checksum: 0ded6e8900ba14950267bd82b8a05b41 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 5044 bytes, checksum: 4b99d8bca40ff766fb6a872dee323abc (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-17T10:41:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201209172417.pdf: 465301 bytes, checksum: 0ded6e8900ba14950267bd82b8a05b41 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 5044 bytes, checksum: 4b99d8bca40ff766fb6a872dee323abc (MD5)\r\n Previous issue date: 2012", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "87 sivua", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Wittgenstein, Ludwig", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": 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