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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Tuhkanen, Tuula", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Laurila, Sari", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Laukkanen, Pinja", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2025-01-02T06:27:55Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2025-01-02T06:27:55Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2024", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/99220", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4m\u00e4 tutkimus keskittyy valittujen antibiottien ja antiretroviraalien\nesiintymiseen Lusakan alueella ja yleiseen sanitaatiotilanteeseen sek\u00e4 \nasenteeseen virtsan k\u00e4yt\u00f6st\u00e4 lannoitteena Sambian maaseutualueilla. \nN\u00e4ytteit\u00e4 otettiin alueen pohjavedest\u00e4, j\u00e4te- ja pintavedest\u00e4 sek\u00e4 \nkuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4st\u00e4 erotellussa virtsasta. N\u00e4ytteenoton tutkimusalueena oli \nLusakan laitamilla sijaitseva Madimban alue, Machiachin ja Chungan \nj\u00e4tevedenpuhdistamot sek\u00e4 Chungan j\u00e4tevedenpuhdistamon l\u00e4heisyydess\u00e4 \nsijaitseva Chunga joki. Sanitaatio tilannetta sek\u00e4 asennetta virtsan k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n \nlannoitteena Sambian maaseutualueilla analysointiin Suomen Global Dry \nToilet Associationin tekem\u00e4n kyselytutkimuksen perusteella. N\u00e4ytteenotto \ntutkimus suoritettiin ker\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 kuusi virtsan\u00e4ytett\u00e4 kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4st\u00e4 \nerotetusta virtsasta, kaksi pohjavesin\u00e4ytett\u00e4 Madimban alueelta, kolme \nj\u00e4tevesin\u00e4ytett\u00e4 ja yksi pohjavesin\u00e4yte Manchinchin \nj\u00e4tevedenpuhdistamolta, kaksi pintavesin\u00e4ytett\u00e4 ja kolme j\u00e4tevesin\u00e4ytett\u00e4\nChungan j\u00e4tevedenpuhdistamon alueelta. N\u00e4ytteist\u00e4 analysoitiin valittujen\nantibioottien ja antiretroviraalisten l\u00e4\u00e4kkeiden esiintyminen. N\u00e4ytteet \nvalmisteltiin Suomeen kuljetettaviksi University of Zambian laboratoriossa. \nLopulliset analyysit tehtiin Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston laboratoriossa \nnestekromatografisella tandemmassaspektrometrill\u00e4 LC-MS/MS. Korkein \nhavaittu l\u00e4\u00e4keainepitoisuus pohjavesin\u00e4ytteiss\u00e4 oli nevirapiinia (151 ng/L), \nkorkein havaittu l\u00e4\u00e4keainepitoisuus j\u00e4tevesin\u00e4ytteiss\u00e4 oli \nsulfametoksatsolia (3170 ng/L), korkein havaittu l\u00e4\u00e4keainepitoisuus \npintavesin\u00e4ytteiss\u00e4 oli lamivudiinia (1021 ng/L) ja korkein havaittu \nl\u00e4\u00e4keainepitoisuus virtsan\u00e4ytteiss\u00e4 oli tetrasykliini\u00e4 (48 221.5 ng/L).\nAnalyysin tulosten perusteella saatiin tietoa l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden esiintymisest\u00e4 \nLusakan alueella ja mahdollisuudesta sek\u00e4 asenteesta k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4\nkuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4st\u00e4 erotettua virtsaa sy\u00f6t\u00e4v\u00e4ksi kelpaamattomien \nviljelykasvien lannoitteena. Kyselyanalyysin perusteella saatiin kuvaa\nsanitaatio tilanteesta eri puolilla Sambiaa sek\u00e4 tietoa asenteesta virtsan \nk\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n lannoitteena. Kyselyyn vastanneista 69 % oli kiinnostunut virtsan \nk\u00e4ytt\u00e4misest\u00e4 lannoitteena.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "This research focuses on the occurrence of selected antibiotics and antiretrovirals \nin the Lusaka region and the general sanitation situation and attitude towards \nthe use of urine as fertilizer in rural areas of Zambia. Samples were taken from \ngroundwater, wastewater and surface water, and urine collected from dry toilets \nin the region. The sampling area was the Madimba area on the outskirts of \nLusaka, the Machiachi and Chunga wastewater treatment plants, and the \nChunga River near the Chunga wastewater treatment plant. The sanitation \nsituation and attitude towards the use of urine as fertilizer in rural areas of \nZambia were analyzed based on a survey conducted by the Finnish Global Dry \nToilet Association. The sampling study was conducted by collecting six urine \nsamples from dry toilets, two groundwater samples from the Madimba region, \nthree wastewater samples and one groundwater sample from the Manchinchi\nwastewater treatment plant, two surface water samples and three wastewater \nsamples from the Chunga wastewater treatment plant. The samples were \nanalyzed for the presence of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs. The \nsamples were prepared for transport to Finland in the University of Zambia \nlaboratory. Final analyses were performed in the University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 \nlaboratory using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer LC MS/MS. The highest detected pharmaceutical concentration in groundwater \nsamples was nevirapine (151 ng/L), the highest detected pharmaceutical\nconcentration in wastewater samples was lamivudine (3170 ng/L), the highest \ndetected pharmaceutical concentration in surface water samples was \nerythromycin (1021 ng/L) and the highest detected pharmaceutical\nconcentration in urine samples was lamivudine (48 211.5 ng/L). Based on the \nresults of the analysis, information was obtained on the presence of drugs in the \nLusaka area and on the possibility and attitude to using urine separated from dry \ntoilets as fertilizer for non-edible crops. The survey analysis provided a picture \nof the sanitation situation across Zambia and information on attitudes towards \nthe use of urine as fertilizer. Of the respondents, 69% were interested in using \nurine as fertilizer", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2025-01-02T06:27:55Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2025-01-02T06:27:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2024", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "70", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "antiretroviraalit", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "LC-MS/MS", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "sanitaatio", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Occurrence of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral pharmaceuticals in Lusaka, Zambia", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202501021001", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tiede", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Environmental science", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.initiative", "value": "student", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "initiative", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "40151", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "antibiootit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lannoitteet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4t", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "virtsa", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "antibiotics", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "fertilisers", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "dry toilets", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "urine", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}]
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