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Ikääntyneet henkilöt ovat nykyään terveempiä ja toimintakykyisempiä, mutta terveyserot eri sosioekonomisessa asemassa olevien välillä ovat kasvaneet. Liikunnan harrastamisen avulla voidaan ylläpitää terveyttä ja toimintakykyä, mutta liikunnan harrastamista voivat rajoittaa sosioekonomisen aseman lisäksi asuinpaikkojen väliset erot liikkumismahdollisuuksissa. Tutkimustietoa vanhempien ikäryhmien liikunnan harrastamisesta ja harrastamisen paikoista on rajallisesti. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitä liikuntalajeja yli 77-vuotiaat jyväskyläläiset raportoivat harrastavansa säännöllisesti, harrastetaanko liikuntaa sisä- vai ulkoliikuntapaikoilla, ja ovatko henkilön sosioekonominen asema ja asuinalueen liikuntapaikkojen tiheys yhteydessä harrastettujen liikuntalajien määrään.
Tutkimusaineistona käytettiin Active Aging – resilience and external support as modifiers of the disablement outcome (AGNES) ja Aktiivisen ikääntymisen paikat -projektien aineistoja sekä LIPAS- ja Paavo-paikkatietoaineistoja. Tutkittavat (n = 616, ikä 78–90, naisia 58 %) olivat yli 77-vuotiaita kotona asuvia henkilöitä Jyväskylän kaupungin alueelta. Tutkittavien säännölliset liikuntalajit ja -paikat paikannettiin kartalle Maptionnaire-työkalun avulla. Sosioekonomisen aseman muuttujina käytettiin itseraportoituja koulutusvuosia ja koettua taloudellista tilannetta. Asuinalueiden liikuntapaikkojen tiheys laskettiin LIPAS-paikkatietoaineistossa olevien liikuntapaikkojen mukaisesti. Aineiston analyysimenetelmänä oli lineaarinen regressioanalyysi. Mallit vakioitiin tutkittavien iällä, sukupuolella, koetulla terveydellä ja fyysisellä suorituskyvyllä (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB-testi).
Osalla tutkittavista (17 %) ei ollut lainkaan säännöllisesti harrastettuja liikuntalajeja. Muilla oli niitä yksi (42 %), kaksi (28 %), kolme (8 %) tai enemmän (4 %). Suosituin laji oli kävely ja muita suosittuja lajeja olivat sauvakävely, kuntosaliharjoittelu ja vesiliikunta. Liikuntalajien korkeampaa määrää selitti pidempiaikainen kouluttautuminen (B = 0,022, p = 0,028) ja korkeampi ikä oli yhteydessä vähäisempään lajien määrään (B = -0,042, p = 0,001), mutta koettu taloudellinen tilanne (p = 0,694) tai sukupuoli (p = 0,315) eivät selittäneet lajien määrää. Kun malliin lisättiin koettu terveys ja SPPB-testin tulos, korkeampaa lajien määrää selitti erinomaiseksi tai hyväksi koettu terveys (B = -0,290, p < 0,001) ja parempi SPPB-testin tulos (B = 0,106, p < 0,001), jolloin koulutusvuodet, taloudellinen tilanne, ikä tai sukupuoli eivät selittäneet lajien määrää. Liikuntapaikkojen tiheys ei ollut yhteydessä lajien määrään (p = 0,610).
Yli 77-vuotiaille jyväskyläläisille kävely oli suosituin harrastus, jota harrastettiin joko ainoana lajina tai yhdessä muiden lajien kanssa. Lajien määrää selitti paremmin henkilön terveys ja fyysinen suorituskyky kuin asuinalueen liikuntapaikat tai sosioekonominen asema. Liikunnan harrastaminen ylläpitää terveyttä ja toimintakykyä, minkä vuoksi ikääntyneitä henkilöitä tulisi kannustaa monipuoliseen liikunta-aktiivisuuteen henkilön asuinpaikasta tai sosioekonomisesta asemasta riippumatta.
Older adults are nowadays healthier and have better physical function, however health disparities between different socioeconomic status have increased. Engaging in sports activity can help maintain health and physical function, but sports activity can be limited not only by socioeconomic status but also by differences in existing sports facilities between residential areas. There is limited research on the sports activities of older age groups and the locations where they practice sports. The aim of this master’s thesis was to investigate which sport disciplines are regularly practiced by people over 77 years old in Jyväskylä, if sports are practiced in in-door or outdoor sports facilities, and whether the individual’s socioeconomic status and the density of sports facilities in the residential area are associated with the number of sport disciplines.
The research data included data from the “Active Aging – resilience and external support as modifiers of the disablement outcome (AGNES)” and “Places of Active Aging” -projects, as well as LIPAS and Paavo datasets. The participants (n = 616, age 78–90, 58% women) were over 77 years old community-dwelling people living in Jyväskylä. The participants’ regular sport disciplines and their locations were mapped using Maptionnaire-tool. Self-reported years of education and perceived financial situation were used to describe the participants’ socioeconomic status. The density of sports facilities in residential areas were calculated based on sports facilities listed in LIPAS. The data was analyzed using linear regression analysis. The models were adjusted with the subjects’ age, gender, perceived health, and physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB test).
Some of the participants (17%) did not participate regularly in any sport discipline. Others had one (42%), two (28%), three (8%), or more (4%) regular sport disciplines. The most popular discipline was walking, and other popular disciplines included Nordic walking, gym training, and water exercise. A higher number of sport disciplines was explained by longer education (B = 0.022, p = 0.028), and older age was associated with a lower number of sport disciplines (B = -0.042, p = 0.001), however perceived financial situation (p = 0.694) or gender (p = 0.315) did not explain the number of sport disciplines. When perceived health and the SPPB test result were added to the model, a higher number of sport disciplines was explained by perceived excellent or good health (B = -0.290, p < 0.001) and better SPPB test result (B = 0.106, p < 0.001), while years of education, financial situation, age, or gender did not explain the number of sports disciplines. The density of sports facilities was not associated with the number of sport disciplines (p = 0.610).
For people over 77 years old in Jyväskylä, walking was the most popular activity, being either the only sport disciplines or practiced together with other sport disciplines. The number of sport disciplines was explained better by the individual’s health and physical function than by the sports facilities in the residential area or socioeconomic status. Engaging in physical activity maintains health and physical function, which is why older individuals should be encouraged to engage in diverse physical exercise regardless of their living area or socioeconomic status.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Salmikangas, Anna-Katriina", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Keskinen, Kirsi", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Peltomaa, Heli", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2024-12-10T06:30:38Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2024-12-10T06:30:38Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2024", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/98885", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyneet henkil\u00f6t ovat nyky\u00e4\u00e4n terveempi\u00e4 ja toimintakykyisempi\u00e4, mutta terveyserot eri sosioekonomisessa asemassa olevien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ovat kasvaneet. Liikunnan harrastamisen avulla voidaan yll\u00e4pit\u00e4\u00e4 terveytt\u00e4 ja toimintakyky\u00e4, mutta liikunnan harrastamista voivat rajoittaa sosioekonomisen aseman lis\u00e4ksi asuinpaikkojen v\u00e4liset erot liikkumismahdollisuuksissa. Tutkimustietoa vanhempien ik\u00e4ryhmien liikunnan harrastamisesta ja harrastamisen paikoista on rajallisesti. T\u00e4m\u00e4n pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, mit\u00e4 liikuntalajeja yli 77-vuotiaat jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4l\u00e4iset raportoivat harrastavansa s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti, harrastetaanko liikuntaa sis\u00e4- vai ulkoliikuntapaikoilla, ja ovatko henkil\u00f6n sosioekonominen asema ja asuinalueen liikuntapaikkojen tiheys yhteydess\u00e4 harrastettujen liikuntalajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4n. \n\nTutkimusaineistona k\u00e4ytettiin Active Aging \u2013 resilience and external support as modifiers of the disablement outcome (AGNES) ja Aktiivisen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen paikat -projektien aineistoja sek\u00e4 LIPAS- ja Paavo-paikkatietoaineistoja. Tutkittavat (n = 616, ik\u00e4 78\u201390, naisia 58 %) olivat yli 77-vuotiaita kotona asuvia henkil\u00f6it\u00e4 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n kaupungin alueelta. Tutkittavien s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6lliset liikuntalajit ja -paikat paikannettiin kartalle Maptionnaire-ty\u00f6kalun avulla. Sosioekonomisen aseman muuttujina k\u00e4ytettiin itseraportoituja koulutusvuosia ja koettua taloudellista tilannetta. Asuinalueiden liikuntapaikkojen tiheys laskettiin LIPAS-paikkatietoaineistossa olevien liikuntapaikkojen mukaisesti. Aineiston analyysimenetelm\u00e4n\u00e4 oli lineaarinen regressioanalyysi. Mallit vakioitiin tutkittavien i\u00e4ll\u00e4, sukupuolella, koetulla terveydell\u00e4 ja fyysisell\u00e4 suorituskyvyll\u00e4 (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB-testi).\n\nOsalla tutkittavista (17 %) ei ollut lainkaan s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti harrastettuja liikuntalajeja. Muilla oli niit\u00e4 yksi (42 %), kaksi (28 %), kolme (8 %) tai enemm\u00e4n (4 %). Suosituin laji oli k\u00e4vely ja muita suosittuja lajeja olivat sauvak\u00e4vely, kuntosaliharjoittelu ja vesiliikunta. Liikuntalajien korkeampaa m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 selitti pidempiaikainen kouluttautuminen (B = 0,022, p = 0,028) ja korkeampi ik\u00e4 oli yhteydess\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4isemp\u00e4\u00e4n lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4n (B = -0,042, p = 0,001), mutta koettu taloudellinen tilanne (p = 0,694) tai sukupuoli (p = 0,315) eiv\u00e4t selitt\u00e4neet lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4. Kun malliin lis\u00e4ttiin koettu terveys ja SPPB-testin tulos, korkeampaa lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 selitti erinomaiseksi tai hyv\u00e4ksi koettu terveys (B = -0,290, p < 0,001) ja parempi SPPB-testin tulos (B = 0,106, p < 0,001), jolloin koulutusvuodet, taloudellinen tilanne, ik\u00e4 tai sukupuoli eiv\u00e4t selitt\u00e4neet lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4. Liikuntapaikkojen tiheys ei ollut yhteydess\u00e4 lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4n (p = 0,610).\n\nYli 77-vuotiaille jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4l\u00e4isille k\u00e4vely oli suosituin harrastus, jota harrastettiin joko ainoana lajina tai yhdess\u00e4 muiden lajien kanssa. Lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 selitti paremmin henkil\u00f6n terveys ja fyysinen suorituskyky kuin asuinalueen liikuntapaikat tai sosioekonominen asema. Liikunnan harrastaminen yll\u00e4pit\u00e4\u00e4 terveytt\u00e4 ja toimintakyky\u00e4, mink\u00e4 vuoksi ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyneit\u00e4 henkil\u00f6it\u00e4 tulisi kannustaa monipuoliseen liikunta-aktiivisuuteen henkil\u00f6n asuinpaikasta tai sosioekonomisesta asemasta riippumatta.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Older adults are nowadays healthier and have better physical function, however health disparities between different socioeconomic status have increased. Engaging in sports activity can help maintain health and physical function, but sports activity can be limited not only by socioeconomic status but also by differences in existing sports facilities between residential areas. There is limited research on the sports activities of older age groups and the locations where they practice sports. The aim of this master\u2019s thesis was to investigate which sport disciplines are regularly practiced by people over 77 years old in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, if sports are practiced in in-door or outdoor sports facilities, and whether the individual\u2019s socioeconomic status and the density of sports facilities in the residential area are associated with the number of sport disciplines.\n\nThe research data included data from the \u201cActive Aging \u2013 resilience and external support as modifiers of the disablement outcome (AGNES)\u201d and \u201cPlaces of Active Aging\u201d -projects, as well as LIPAS and Paavo datasets. The participants (n = 616, age 78\u201390, 58% women) were over 77 years old community-dwelling people living in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. The participants\u2019 regular sport disciplines and their locations were mapped using Maptionnaire-tool. Self-reported years of education and perceived financial situation were used to describe the participants\u2019 socioeconomic status. The density of sports facilities in residential areas were calculated based on sports facilities listed in LIPAS. The data was analyzed using linear regression analysis. The models were adjusted with the subjects\u2019 age, gender, perceived health, and physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB test).\n\nSome of the participants (17%) did not participate regularly in any sport discipline. Others had one (42%), two (28%), three (8%), or more (4%) regular sport disciplines. The most popular discipline was walking, and other popular disciplines included Nordic walking, gym training, and water exercise. A higher number of sport disciplines was explained by longer education (B = 0.022, p = 0.028), and older age was associated with a lower number of sport disciplines (B = -0.042, p = 0.001), however perceived financial situation (p = 0.694) or gender (p = 0.315) did not explain the number of sport disciplines. When perceived health and the SPPB test result were added to the model, a higher number of sport disciplines was explained by perceived excellent or good health (B = -0.290, p < 0.001) and better SPPB test result (B = 0.106, p < 0.001), while years of education, financial situation, age, or gender did not explain the number of sports disciplines. The density of sports facilities was not associated with the number of sport disciplines (p = 0.610).\n\nFor people over 77 years old in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, walking was the most popular activity, being either the only sport disciplines or practiced together with other sport disciplines. The number of sport disciplines was explained better by the individual\u2019s health and physical function than by the sports facilities in the residential area or socioeconomic status. Engaging in physical activity maintains health and physical function, which is why older individuals should be encouraged to engage in diverse physical exercise regardless of their living area or socioeconomic status.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2024-12-10T06:30:38Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2024-12-10T06:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2024", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "65", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "liikkumisymp\u00e4rist\u00f6", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Yli 77-vuotiaat jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4l\u00e4iset liikkujina : harrastetut lajit ja asuinalueella sijaitsevien liikuntapaikkojen tiheyden sek\u00e4 sosioekonomisen aseman yhteydet harrastettujen lajien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4n", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202412107698", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Liikunnan yhteiskuntatieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Social Sciences of Sport", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "5032", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "liikunta", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyneet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sosioekonominen asema", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "liikuntaharrastus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "liikuntapaikat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "The author has not given permission to make the work publicly available electronically. Therefore the material can be read only at the archival workstation at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/collections/archival-workstation).", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Tekij\u00e4 ei ole antanut lupaa avoimeen julkaisuun, joten aineisto on luettavissa vain Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston arkistoty\u00f6semalta. Ks. https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/kokoelmat/arkistotyoasema..", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}]
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