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ABSTRACT
Laine, Janna
Discourse Analysis of the Finnish Government’s Crisis Communication during Emergency Conditions in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2024, 130 pp.
Security and Strategic Analysis, Master’s Thesis
Supervisors: Kari, Martti J. & Moilanen, Panu
This study focuses on the Finnish government’s crisis communication during the emergency conditions in the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method is a qualitative discourse analysis where I have also used J. L. Austin’s speech act theory. The aim was to find out, what kind of speech acts does the government use in their crisis communication in the official briefings, what kind of illocutive forces are present, and is there a relation between certain speech acts and legislation. My study can be defined as important, as it contributes to the society and concerns socially significant topic. Crisis communication during emergency conditions is a topic that has been researched only little in Finland. The research material was collected by using AI to translate the government’s official press conferences into written form. The material was checked and corrected if needed and speakers were added. Then it was analyzed in accordance with speech act theory. As a result, was identified assertives, declaratives, directives, expressives, comissives, and 21 illocutive forces. Declarations, statements, explanations, commands, and proposals were the largest groups. There was also found a basic structure of speech acts: the core of the press conferences were declaratives and directives, even if there were more assertives by number. A change was made to the real world by declaratives, such as declaring emergency conditions and restrictions. With directives the government commanded or proposed how to proceed and act accordingly to the restrictions. The main finding of directives was that their use is affected by the legislation. Directives that were not based on the law but were stated as such caused the speech act to be problematic. The illocution of such speech acts was hard to comprehend and therefore, audience could not decide whether the speech act should be considered as a command by law or a mere proposal. The following discourses were found throughout the study: argumentation of decision making, importance of vaccination, testing and self-quarantining, seriousness of the situation during the pandemic, obeying the rules given by the government, getting through the pandemic united as a nation, and ensuring economy, and education during the crisis. Another finding was that the clarity of linguistic expressions was related to the speech acts. The clearer the expression, the better the speech act. The better the speech act is, more understandable the illocution gets.
Keywords: discourse analysis, crisis communication, emergency conditions, Emergency Powers Act, restrictions, COVID-19 pandemic, the government, speech act theory, illocution, illocutive force, AI as a tool.
TIIVISTELMÄ
Laine, Janna
Diskurssianalyysi Suomen valtionjohdon kriisiviestinnästä poikkeusolojen aikana
Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, 2024, 130 s.
Turvallisuus ja strateginen analyysi, pro gradu -tutkielma
Ohjaajat: Kari, Martti J. & Moilanen, Panu
Pro gradu -tutkielmani keskittyi tarkastelemaan valtioneuvoston kriisiviestintää koronaviruspandemian vuoksi julistettujen poikkeusolojen aikaan 16.3.2020 – 16.6.2020 ja 1.3.2021 – 27.4.2021. Tutkimukseni oli luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen diskurssianalyysi, jossa käytin puheaktiteoriaa. Tarkoitukseni oli selvittää, millaisia puheakteja valtionjohto käyttää kriisiviestinnässään koronaviruspandemiasta valmiuslain voimassaolon aikana, mitä eri illokutiivisia sävyjä puheakteista on löydettävissä, sekä mikä on tiettyjen puheaktein suhde lakiin. Tutkimustani voidaan pitää merkittävänä, sillä se kontribuoi yhteiskunnallisesti tärkeän aiheen parissa, josta Suomessa on vielä vähän tutkimusta. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin tallentamalla valtioneuvoston tiedotustilaisuudet ja käyttämällä tekoälyä niiden saattamisessa kirjalliseen muotoon. Tämän jälkeen materiaali tarkastettiin, oikoluettiin ja sisältö analysoitiin puheaktiteorian mukaisesti. Käytin myös tilastollista analyysiä tulkinnassani. Tutkimusaineistosta löytyi assertiiveja deklaratiiveja, direktiivejä, ekspressiivejä ja komissiiveja sekä yhteensä 21 illokutiivista sävyä, joista suurimmat ryhmät olivat julistukset, toteamiset, selvitykset, käskyt ja kehotukset. Tiedotustilaisuuksien puheakteilla havaittiin selkeä rakenne: ytimen muodostivat deklaratiivit ja direktiivit. Deklaratiiveilla luotiin muutos reaalimaailmaan, direktiiveillä annettiin kansalaisille käskyjä ja suosituksia siitä, kuinka toimia. Direktiivien käyttöön vaikutti keskeisesti se, perustuivatko ne lakiin. Direktiivit, joiden puheakti oli tulkittavissa käskyksi, mutta direktiiville ei ollut löydettävissä lakiperustaa aiheuttivat ymmärrettävyydessään haasteita: onko kyseessä käsky vai pelkkä suositus? Puheaktit analysoitiin myös puhujakohtaisesti ja havaittiin, että puhujan ilmaisujen selkeydellä on havaittavissa kausaliteetti tämän puheaktien ymmärrettävyyteen. Tällöin myös puhujan illokuutiot olivat helpommin ymmärrettävissä kuulijalle. Analyysissa havaittiin läpi poikkeusolojen kantavia diskursseja: valtioneuvoston päätösten perustelu ja legitimointi, poikkeusolojen vakavuuden diskurssi, rokotteen ottamisen, testeissä käymisen ja karanteeniin jäämisen velvoittava diskurssi, käskyjen ja ohjeistusten noudattamisen tärkeyden diskurssi, yhdessä kansakuntana selviämisen diskurssi, taloudesta huolehtimisen diskurssi sekä koulutuksen ja opetuksen jatkuvuuden ja turvaamisen diskurssi.
Asiasanat: diskurssianalyysi, kriisiviestintä, poikkeusolot, valmiuslaki, rajoitukset, koronaviruspandemia, valtioneuvosto, puheaktiteoria, illokuutio, illokutiivinen sävy, tekoäly työvälineenä
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Moilanen, Panu", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Laine, Janna Matleena", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2024-06-17T08:02:14Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2024-06-17T08:02:14Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2024", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/95949", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "ABSTRACT\nLaine, Janna\nDiscourse Analysis of the Finnish Government\u2019s Crisis Communication during Emergency Conditions in the COVID-19 Pandemic\nJyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4: University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, 2024, 130 pp.\nSecurity and Strategic Analysis, Master\u2019s Thesis\nSupervisors: Kari, Martti J. & Moilanen, Panu\n\nThis study focuses on the Finnish government\u2019s crisis communication during the emergency conditions in the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method is a qualitative discourse analysis where I have also used J. L. Austin\u2019s speech act theory. The aim was to find out, what kind of speech acts does the government use in their crisis communication in the official briefings, what kind of illocutive forces are present, and is there a relation between certain speech acts and legislation. My study can be defined as important, as it contributes to the society and concerns socially significant topic. Crisis communication during emergency conditions is a topic that has been researched only little in Finland. The research material was collected by using AI to translate the government\u2019s official press conferences into written form. The material was checked and corrected if needed and speakers were added. Then it was analyzed in accordance with speech act theory. As a result, was identified assertives, declaratives, directives, expressives, comissives, and 21 illocutive forces. Declarations, statements, explanations, commands, and proposals were the largest groups. There was also found a basic structure of speech acts: the core of the press conferences were declaratives and directives, even if there were more assertives by number. A change was made to the real world by declaratives, such as declaring emergency conditions and restrictions. With directives the government commanded or proposed how to proceed and act accordingly to the restrictions. The main finding of directives was that their use is affected by the legislation. Directives that were not based on the law but were stated as such caused the speech act to be problematic. The illocution of such speech acts was hard to comprehend and therefore, audience could not decide whether the speech act should be considered as a command by law or a mere proposal. The following discourses were found throughout the study: argumentation of decision making, importance of vaccination, testing and self-quarantining, seriousness of the situation during the pandemic, obeying the rules given by the government, getting through the pandemic united as a nation, and ensuring economy, and education during the crisis. Another finding was that the clarity of linguistic expressions was related to the speech acts. The clearer the expression, the better the speech act. The better the speech act is, more understandable the illocution gets.\n\nKeywords: discourse analysis, crisis communication, emergency conditions, Emergency Powers Act, restrictions, COVID-19 pandemic, the government, speech act theory, illocution, illocutive force, AI as a tool.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "TIIVISTELM\u00c4\nLaine, Janna\nDiskurssianalyysi Suomen valtionjohdon kriisiviestinn\u00e4st\u00e4 poikkeusolojen aikana\nJyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4: Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, 2024, 130 s.\nTurvallisuus ja strateginen analyysi, pro gradu -tutkielma\nOhjaajat: Kari, Martti J. & Moilanen, Panu\n\nPro gradu -tutkielmani keskittyi tarkastelemaan valtioneuvoston kriisiviestint\u00e4\u00e4 koronaviruspandemian vuoksi julistettujen poikkeusolojen aikaan 16.3.2020 \u2013 16.6.2020 ja 1.3.2021 \u2013 27.4.2021. Tutkimukseni oli luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen diskurssianalyysi, jossa k\u00e4ytin puheaktiteoriaa. Tarkoitukseni oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, millaisia puheakteja valtionjohto k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kriisiviestinn\u00e4ss\u00e4\u00e4n koronaviruspandemiasta valmiuslain voimassaolon aikana, mit\u00e4 eri illokutiivisia s\u00e4vyj\u00e4 puheakteista on l\u00f6ydett\u00e4viss\u00e4, sek\u00e4 mik\u00e4 on tiettyjen puheaktein suhde lakiin. Tutkimustani voidaan pit\u00e4\u00e4 merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4n\u00e4, sill\u00e4 se kontribuoi yhteiskunnallisesti t\u00e4rke\u00e4n aiheen parissa, josta Suomessa on viel\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4n tutkimusta. Tutkimusaineisto ker\u00e4ttiin tallentamalla valtioneuvoston tiedotustilaisuudet ja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 teko\u00e4ly\u00e4 niiden saattamisessa kirjalliseen muotoon. T\u00e4m\u00e4n j\u00e4lkeen materiaali tarkastettiin, oikoluettiin ja sis\u00e4lt\u00f6 analysoitiin puheaktiteorian mukaisesti. K\u00e4ytin my\u00f6s tilastollista analyysi\u00e4 tulkinnassani. Tutkimusaineistosta l\u00f6ytyi assertiiveja deklaratiiveja, direktiivej\u00e4, ekspressiivej\u00e4 ja komissiiveja sek\u00e4 yhteens\u00e4 21 illokutiivista s\u00e4vy\u00e4, joista suurimmat ryhm\u00e4t olivat julistukset, toteamiset, selvitykset, k\u00e4skyt ja kehotukset. Tiedotustilaisuuksien puheakteilla havaittiin selke\u00e4 rakenne: ytimen muodostivat deklaratiivit ja direktiivit. Deklaratiiveilla luotiin muutos reaalimaailmaan, direktiiveill\u00e4 annettiin kansalaisille k\u00e4skyj\u00e4 ja suosituksia siit\u00e4, kuinka toimia. Direktiivien k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n vaikutti keskeisesti se, perustuivatko ne lakiin. Direktiivit, joiden puheakti oli tulkittavissa k\u00e4skyksi, mutta direktiiville ei ollut l\u00f6ydett\u00e4viss\u00e4 lakiperustaa aiheuttivat ymm\u00e4rrett\u00e4vyydess\u00e4\u00e4n haasteita: onko kyseess\u00e4 k\u00e4sky vai pelkk\u00e4 suositus? Puheaktit analysoitiin my\u00f6s puhujakohtaisesti ja havaittiin, ett\u00e4 puhujan ilmaisujen selkeydell\u00e4 on havaittavissa kausaliteetti t\u00e4m\u00e4n puheaktien ymm\u00e4rrett\u00e4vyyteen. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in my\u00f6s puhujan illokuutiot olivat helpommin ymm\u00e4rrett\u00e4viss\u00e4 kuulijalle. 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