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In general, physical activity and especially endurance sports are known to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. It is also established that increased arterial stiffness and un-optimal levels of blood lipids increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown that endurance training decreases arterial stiffness, particularly in people who have greater arterial stiffness at baseline. In addition, endurance training can lead to increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The main purpose of this thesis was to determine if the arterial stiffness, blood lipid levels, maximum oxygen uptake or body composition of adult elite Finnish female endurance athletes vary between the training periods of preparation period and competition period. The aim was also to determine if better physical performance and body composition have any associations to arterial stiffness or blood lipid levels. Developmental females and female rugby players were used as controls. Data of this study was based on an on-going three-year follow-up study NoREDS conducted at the University of Jyväskylä.
The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between two timepoints but there were significant differences between endurance athletes and other groups in maximum oxygen uptake, body composition and blood lipids. Group differences in arterial stiffness and associations with maximum oxygen uptake or body composition with arterial stiffness were not found. Maximum oxygen uptake and body composition had associations with blood lipids. Maximum oxygen uptake had a positive relation to TC (r = 0.33, p = 0.035) and to HDL (r = 0.326, p = 0.037) in the preparation period. There was a negative relation in total body weight to non-HDL in preparation period (r = -0.35, p = 0.025) and in competition period (r = -0.34, p = 0.028); BMI to TC (r = -0.32, p = 0.040) and HDL (r = -0.33, p = 0.034) in preparation period and to TC (r = -0.33, p = 0.038) in competition period; TLM to non-HDL in preparation period (r = -0.38, p= 0.014) and in competition period (r = -0.52, p = <0.001), to LDL in preparation period (r = -0.40, p = 0.009) and to TC (r = -0.46 , p = 0.003), TG (r = -0.39, p = 0.013) and LDL (r = -0.52, p = <0.001) in competition period.
The findings in this study suggests that body composition might have a bigger role than physical performance in maintaining favourable blood lipid profile in preventing cardiovascular health but the periodization of training in endurance sports does not seem to effect these levels significantly. Association of body composition might be stronger with blood lipids than physical performance’s, but the impact of nutritional and dietical changes towards competition period must be noted. For general population it could be more important to have enough muscle mass despite the absolute amount of fat mass. Because of the higher risk of amenorrhea and RED-S among endurance athletes leading to hormonal and endothelial changes, future studies should be more comprehensive and include the assessment of athletes’ nutritional and hormonal status, psychological stress and the amount of training to be able to evaluate their potential risks for athletes’ cardiovascular health.
Fyysisellä aktiivisuudella ja kestävyysurheilulla tiedetään olevan sydän- ja verenkiertoelimistön sairauksia ennaltaehkäisevä ja kuolleisuutta vähentävä vaikutus. Valtimojäykkyys ja veren rasva-arvot kuvaavat sydän- ja verenkiertoelimistön terveyttä. Aiempien tutkimusten perusteella kestävyysharjoittelu laskee valtimojäykkyyttä etenkin henkilöillä, joilla valtimojäykkyys on jo hieman koholla. Veren rasva-arvoissa kestävyysharjoittelu voi näkyä HDL-kolesterolin nousuna ja LDL-kolesterolin ja triglyseridien laskuna. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko suomalaisten aikuisten naiskestävyysurheilijoiden valtimojäykkyydessä, veren rasva-arvoissa, maksimaalisessa hapenottokyvyssä ja kehonkoostumuksessa vaihtelua peruskestävyyskauden ja kilpailukauden välillä. Tavoitteena oli myös selvittää, onko parempi fyysinen suorituskyky tai kehonkoostumus yhteydessä alhaisempaan valtimojäykkyyteen tai parempiin veren rasva-arvoihin. Tavoitteellisia kuntoilijoita ja rugbyn pelaajia käytettiin vertailuryhminä. Data saatiin Jyväskylän yliopiston käynnissä olevasta kolmivuotisesta NoREDS -pitkittäistutkimuksesta.
Tuloksista ilmeni, että missään muuttujissa ei ollut harjoittelukausien välillä tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja, mutta kestävyysurheilijoiden ja muiden ryhmien välillä oli tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja hapenottokyvyssä, kehonkoostumuksessa ja veren rasva-arvoissa. Valtimojäykkyydessä ei ollut eroa ryhmien välillä eikä valtimojäykkyyden ja hapenottokyvyn tai kehonkoostumuksen välillä ollut yhteyksiä. Hapenottokyvyllä oli positiivinen yhteys kokonaiskolesteroliin (r = 0,33, p = 0,035) ja HDL-kolesteroliin (r = 0,326, p = 0,037) peruskestävyyskaudella. Negatiivinen yhteys oli kehon painolla non-HDL-kolesteroliin peruskestävyyskaudella (r = -0,35, p = 0,025) ja kilpailukaudella (r = -0,34, p = 0,028); BMI:llä kokonaiskolesteroliin (r = -0,32, p = 0,040) ja HDL-kolesteroliin peruskestävyyskaudella (r = -0,33, p = 0,034) ja kokonaiskolesteroliin kilpailukaudella (r =
-0,33, p = 0,038); TLM non-HDL-kolesteroliin peruskestävyyskaudella (r = -0,38, p= 0,014) ja kilpailukaudella (r = -0,52, p = <0,001), LDL-kolesteroliin peruskestävyyskaudella (r =
-0,40, p = 0,009) ja kokonaiskolesteroliin (r = -0,46 , p = 0,003), triglysereihin (r = -0,39,
p = 0,013, d) ja LDL-kolesteroliin (r = -0,52, p = <0,001) kilpailukaudella.
Tulokset osoittivat, että kehonkoostumuksen rooli ihanteellisten veren rasva-arvojen ylläpidossa sydän- ja verisuoniterveyden edistämiseksi voi olla suurempi kuin hapenottokyvyn. Harjoittelukausien jaksotuksella ei ollut merkitsevää vaikutusta, mutta mahdolliset muutokset ruokavaliossa kilpailukaudelle siirryttäessä tulisi ottaa huomioon. Kestävyysurheilijoilla on suurempi riski endoteeli- ja veren rasva-arvojen muutoksiin amenorrhean ja suhteellisen energiavajauksen aiheuttamien hormonaalisten muutosten vuoksi, joten tulevaisuudessa tulisi kestävyysurheilijoihin kohdentaa enemmän tutkimuksia, jotka huomioivat kokonaisvaltaisemmin harjoittelumääriä, ravitsemustilannetta, psyykkistä kuormitusta ja hormonitoiminnan statusta, sekä näiden tekijöiden negatiivisia vaikutuksia sydän- ja verisuoniterveyteen.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Haapala, Eero", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Haaja, Emma", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2024-05-23T05:46:30Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2024-05-23T05:46:30Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2024", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/95084", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "In general, physical activity and especially endurance sports are known to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. It is also established that increased arterial stiffness and un-optimal levels of blood lipids increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown that endurance training decreases arterial stiffness, particularly in people who have greater arterial stiffness at baseline. In addition, endurance training can lead to increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The main purpose of this thesis was to determine if the arterial stiffness, blood lipid levels, maximum oxygen uptake or body composition of adult elite Finnish female endurance athletes vary between the training periods of preparation period and competition period. The aim was also to determine if better physical performance and body composition have any associations to arterial stiffness or blood lipid levels. Developmental females and female rugby players were used as controls. Data of this study was based on an on-going three-year follow-up study NoREDS conducted at the University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. \r\n \r\nThe results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between two timepoints but there were significant differences between endurance athletes and other groups in maximum oxygen uptake, body composition and blood lipids. Group differences in arterial stiffness and associations with maximum oxygen uptake or body composition with arterial stiffness were not found. Maximum oxygen uptake and body composition had associations with blood lipids. Maximum oxygen uptake had a positive relation to TC (r = 0.33, p = 0.035) and to HDL (r = 0.326, p = 0.037) in the preparation period. There was a negative relation in total body weight to non-HDL in preparation period (r = -0.35, p = 0.025) and in competition period (r = -0.34, p = 0.028); BMI to TC (r = -0.32, p = 0.040) and HDL (r = -0.33, p = 0.034) in preparation period and to TC (r = -0.33, p = 0.038) in competition period; TLM to non-HDL in preparation period (r = -0.38, p= 0.014) and in competition period (r = -0.52, p = <0.001), to LDL in preparation period (r = -0.40, p = 0.009) and to TC (r = -0.46 , p = 0.003), TG (r = -0.39, p = 0.013) and LDL (r = -0.52, p = <0.001) in competition period. \r\n\r\nThe findings in this study suggests that body composition might have a bigger role than physical performance in maintaining favourable blood lipid profile in preventing cardiovascular health but the periodization of training in endurance sports does not seem to effect these levels significantly. Association of body composition might be stronger with blood lipids than physical performance\u2019s, but the impact of nutritional and dietical changes towards competition period must be noted. For general population it could be more important to have enough muscle mass despite the absolute amount of fat mass. Because of the higher risk of amenorrhea and RED-S among endurance athletes leading to hormonal and endothelial changes, future studies should be more comprehensive and include the assessment of athletes\u2019 nutritional and hormonal status, psychological stress and the amount of training to be able to evaluate their potential risks for athletes\u2019 cardiovascular health.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Fyysisell\u00e4 aktiivisuudella ja kest\u00e4vyysurheilulla tiedet\u00e4\u00e4n olevan syd\u00e4n- ja verenkiertoelimist\u00f6n sairauksia ennaltaehk\u00e4isev\u00e4 ja kuolleisuutta v\u00e4hent\u00e4v\u00e4 vaikutus. Valtimoj\u00e4ykkyys ja veren rasva-arvot kuvaavat syd\u00e4n- ja verenkiertoelimist\u00f6n terveytt\u00e4. Aiempien tutkimusten perusteella kest\u00e4vyysharjoittelu laskee valtimoj\u00e4ykkyytt\u00e4 etenkin henkil\u00f6ill\u00e4, joilla valtimoj\u00e4ykkyys on jo hieman koholla. Veren rasva-arvoissa kest\u00e4vyysharjoittelu voi n\u00e4ky\u00e4 HDL-kolesterolin nousuna ja LDL-kolesterolin ja triglyseridien laskuna. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, onko suomalaisten aikuisten naiskest\u00e4vyysurheilijoiden valtimoj\u00e4ykkyydess\u00e4, veren rasva-arvoissa, maksimaalisessa hapenottokyvyss\u00e4 ja kehonkoostumuksessa vaihtelua peruskest\u00e4vyyskauden ja kilpailukauden v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Tavoitteena oli my\u00f6s selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, onko parempi fyysinen suorituskyky tai kehonkoostumus yhteydess\u00e4 alhaisempaan valtimoj\u00e4ykkyyteen tai parempiin veren rasva-arvoihin. Tavoitteellisia kuntoilijoita ja rugbyn pelaajia k\u00e4ytettiin vertailuryhmin\u00e4. Data saatiin Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston k\u00e4ynniss\u00e4 olevasta kolmivuotisesta NoREDS -pitkitt\u00e4istutkimuksesta.\r\n\r\nTuloksista ilmeni, ett\u00e4 miss\u00e4\u00e4n muuttujissa ei ollut harjoittelukausien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja, mutta kest\u00e4vyysurheilijoiden ja muiden ryhmien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 oli tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja hapenottokyvyss\u00e4, kehonkoostumuksessa ja veren rasva-arvoissa. Valtimoj\u00e4ykkyydess\u00e4 ei ollut eroa ryhmien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 eik\u00e4 valtimoj\u00e4ykkyyden ja hapenottokyvyn tai kehonkoostumuksen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ollut yhteyksi\u00e4. Hapenottokyvyll\u00e4 oli positiivinen yhteys kokonaiskolesteroliin (r = 0,33, p = 0,035) ja HDL-kolesteroliin (r = 0,326, p = 0,037) peruskest\u00e4vyyskaudella. Negatiivinen yhteys oli kehon painolla non-HDL-kolesteroliin peruskest\u00e4vyyskaudella (r = -0,35, p = 0,025) ja kilpailukaudella (r = -0,34, p = 0,028); BMI:ll\u00e4 kokonaiskolesteroliin (r = -0,32, p = 0,040) ja HDL-kolesteroliin peruskest\u00e4vyyskaudella (r = -0,33, p = 0,034) ja kokonaiskolesteroliin kilpailukaudella (r = \r\n-0,33, p = 0,038); TLM non-HDL-kolesteroliin peruskest\u00e4vyyskaudella (r = -0,38, p= 0,014) ja kilpailukaudella (r = -0,52, p = <0,001), LDL-kolesteroliin peruskest\u00e4vyyskaudella (r = \r\n-0,40, p = 0,009) ja kokonaiskolesteroliin (r = -0,46 , p = 0,003), triglysereihin (r = -0,39, \r\np = 0,013, d) ja LDL-kolesteroliin (r = -0,52, p = <0,001) kilpailukaudella.\r\n\r\nTulokset osoittivat, ett\u00e4 kehonkoostumuksen rooli ihanteellisten veren rasva-arvojen yll\u00e4pidossa syd\u00e4n- ja verisuoniterveyden edist\u00e4miseksi voi olla suurempi kuin hapenottokyvyn. Harjoittelukausien jaksotuksella ei ollut merkitsev\u00e4\u00e4 vaikutusta, mutta mahdolliset muutokset ruokavaliossa kilpailukaudelle siirrytt\u00e4ess\u00e4 tulisi ottaa huomioon. Kest\u00e4vyysurheilijoilla on suurempi riski endoteeli- ja veren rasva-arvojen muutoksiin amenorrhean ja suhteellisen energiavajauksen aiheuttamien hormonaalisten muutosten vuoksi, joten tulevaisuudessa tulisi kest\u00e4vyysurheilijoihin kohdentaa enemm\u00e4n tutkimuksia, jotka huomioivat kokonaisvaltaisemmin harjoittelum\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4, ravitsemustilannetta, psyykkist\u00e4 kuormitusta ja hormonitoiminnan statusta, sek\u00e4 n\u00e4iden tekij\u00f6iden negatiivisia vaikutuksia syd\u00e4n- ja verisuoniterveyteen.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2024-05-23T05:46:30Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2024-05-23T05:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\r\n Previous issue date: 2024", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "96", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "arterial stiffness", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "pulse wave velocity", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "valtimoj\u00e4ykkyys", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "pulssiaallon nopeus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "maksimaalinen hapenottokyky", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Associations of maximum oxygen uptake and body composition with arterial stiffness and blood lipids : a cross-sectional study among physically active females in two different training periods", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202405233848", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Sport Medicine", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Liikuntal\u00e4\u00e4ketiede", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": null, "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "5042", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "terveys", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lipidit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kest\u00e4vyysharjoittelu", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "syd\u00e4n- ja verisuonitaudit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "urheilijat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kehonkoostumus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "hapenotto", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "health", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lipids", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "endurance training", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "cardiovascular diseases", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "athletes", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "body composition", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "oxygen uptake", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Tekij\u00e4 ei ole antanut lupaa avoimeen julkaisuun, joten aineisto on luettavissa vain Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston <a href=\"https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/kokoelmat/arkistotyoasema\">arkistoty\u00f6asemalta</a>.", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "<br><br>The author has not given permission to make the work publicly available electronically. Therefore the material can be read only at the archival <a href=\"https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/collections/archival-workstation\">workstation</a> at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library reserved for the use of archival materials.", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}]
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