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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Taipale, Sami", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Pulkkinen, Katja", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Risku, Noora", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2024-01-17T06:39:48Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2024-01-17T06:39:48Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2023", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/92841", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Microplastics are a significant environmental problem and have been intensively studied in recent years. One way for them to enter the environment is organic fertilizers made from waste. Organic fertilizer Putretti is made from ash and dry compost from Labio Oy. It is more environmentally friendly to produce than syn- thetic fertilizers and it has a balanced nutrient content. It is planned to be used as a forest fertilizer. In this study I focused on how much plastic particles and what type of plastics Putretti and the compost contain. I used enzymatic degradation to break down the organic compounds and Raman-spectroscopy to identify the plastics (particle sizes found were 15 \u03bcm - 6 mm). Fertilizer without added ash and the ready compost material had the highest numbers of plastic particles (299\n\u00b1 209 /g wet weight and 273 \u00b1 106 particles/ g, respectively). Particle sizes were biggest before thermal sanitization and smallest in the final product, Putretti. Most of the found particles were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which is widely used in food packaging. From all particles PET\u2019s proportion was 84 %. From all samples 8 different plastic types were found. There is no legislation for microplastics concentration in organic fertilizers, but a maximum of 0,5 % from products weight can be \u201ctrash\u201d (>2 mm particles). In this study, Putretti contained plastic 1,29 % of its wet weight. Counting only bigger particles (> 1 mm), the proportion of plastics is significantly lower (0,001 %), as most of the found particles were < 500 \u03bcm. Biowaste from grocery stores comes in their original packaging to composting facility. This study highlights that biowaste treatment cannot remove those plastic packages effectively, so the plastic is transported through the processing into the end product. These results also indicate that plastic waste is fragmented to smaller particles in the composting process.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Mikromuoveja ja niiden ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6haittoja on tutkittu viime vuosina aktiivisesti. Mikromuovit ovat levinneet laajasti ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6n. Orgaaniset kierr\u00e4tyslannoitteet ovat tunnistettu yhdeksi mikromuovien l\u00e4hteeksi ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4, sill\u00e4 niiss\u00e4 hy\u00f6dynnetyt j\u00e4tteet sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t muovikontaminaatiota. Kierr\u00e4tyslannoite Putretti on valmistettu Labio Oy:n kuivakompostista ja siihen on lis\u00e4tty tuhkaa parantamaan sen ominaisuuksia. Kiertotalouden, kasvihuonep\u00e4\u00e4st\u00f6jen ja ravinteidensa puolesta Putretti on j\u00e4rkev\u00e4 vaihtoehto synteettisten lannoitteiden tilalle ja sit\u00e4 halutaankin k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4hitulevaisuudessa metsien lannoitukseen. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 ty\u00f6ss\u00e4 tutkin kuinka paljon Labio Oy:n komposti sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 mikromuovia, lis\u00e4ksi tarkastelin mit\u00e4 eri muovilaatuja komposti ja Putretti sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t. Mikromuovit eristettiin n\u00e4ytteist\u00e4 entsymaattisen hajotuksen sek\u00e4 tiheyserottelun avulla. Analysoin muovit partikkeli kerrallaan Raman-spektroskopialla (partikkelikoot olivat 15 \u03bcm - 6 mm). Muovia l\u00f6ytyi eniten lannoitteesta, josta oli laskennallisesti erotettu tuhkan m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 (299 \u00b1 209 kpl/g tuorepainoa) sek\u00e4 valmiista kompostista (273 \u00b1 106 kpl/g). Partikkelit olivat kooltaan suurimpia ennen kompostin hygienisointia ja pienimpi\u00e4 valmiissa tuotteessa, Putretissa. Tutkimuksessa l\u00f6ytyi eniten polyetyleenitereftalaattia (PET), joka on yleisesti elintarvikepakkauksissa k\u00e4ytetty muovityyppi. PET:n osuus kaikista l\u00f6ydetyist\u00e4 partikkeleista oli 84 %. Kokonaisuudessaan l\u00f6ysin 8 eri muovityyppi\u00e4. L\u00f6ydetyt muovit olivat muodoltaan partikkeleita. Lannoitelains\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4nn\u00f6n mukaan roskaa (> 2 mm), johon muovikin luetaan, saa olla enint\u00e4\u00e4n 0,5 % valmiin tuotteen tuorepainosta. Putretissa muovin osuus on 1,29 % tuotteen tuorepainosta. Yli 1 mm kokoisia muovipartikkeleita on vain 0,001 % tuotteen tuorepainosta. Suurin osa l\u00f6ydetyst\u00e4 muovista olikin pient\u00e4, alle 500 \u03bcm kokoista mikromuovia. Merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 osa kompostin raaka-aineena k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4st\u00e4 bioj\u00e4tteest\u00e4 on kaupoissa syntyv\u00e4\u00e4 pakattua bioj\u00e4tett\u00e4, johon lajitellaan esimerkiksi vanhentuneet elintarvikkeet pakkauksineen. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ett\u00e4 j\u00e4tteenk\u00e4sittelyss\u00e4 ei pystyt\u00e4 t\u00e4ll\u00e4 hetkell\u00e4 poistamaan tehokkaasti pakkausmateriaaleja ja ne kulkeutuvat l\u00e4pi prosessin aina lopputuotteeseen asti jauhautuen samalla pienemmiksi partikkeleiksi.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2024-01-17T06:39:48Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2024-01-17T06:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2023", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "51", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Mikromuovin m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 ja laatu kompostissa ja kierr\u00e4tyslannoitteessa", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202401171342", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Environmental science", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tiede", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.collaborator", "value": "business", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "collaborator", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.initiative", "value": "university", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "initiative", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.copyright", "value": "\u00a9 The Author(s)", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "copyright", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "40151", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "Raman-spektroskopia", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "muovi", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "j\u00e4tteet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kierr\u00e4tys", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "bioj\u00e4tteet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lannoitteet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kompostointi", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "komposti", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6vaikutukset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "mikromuovi", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lannoitus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "The author has not given permission to make the work publicly available electronically. Therefore the material can be read only at the archival workstation at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/en/workspaces/facilities/facilities#autotoc-item-autotoc-2).", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Tekij\u00e4 ei ole antanut lupaa avoimeen julkaisuun, joten aineisto on luettavissa vain Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston arkistoty\u00f6semalta. Ks. https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/fi/tyoskentelytilat/laitteet-ja-tilat#autotoc-item-autotoc-2.", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}]
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