| Summary: | Information systems have been used on a large scale, for example, in the management of processes necessary for business and society for so long that many
important information systems still in daily use are technically outdated. The
magnitude of the phenomenon is illustrated by the fact that these systems in production use are estimated to contain up to 200 billion lines of source code world-
wide. The modernization or replacement of systems is justified from core business, financial and information security perspectives. The migration or renewal
of complex information systems is not always straightforward.
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