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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Lindstedt-Kareksela, Carita", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Wutke, Saskia", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Lindstr\u00f6m, Leena", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Tynkkynen, Riikka", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2023-08-03T05:59:29Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2023-08-03T05:59:29Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2023", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/88494", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Luonnonvalinnan ja sukulaisvalinnan keskin\u00e4inen yhteys on ollut pitk\u00e4\u00e4n keskeinen kysymys yhteisty\u00f6n evoluution tutkimuksessa. Yhteisty\u00f6ll\u00e4 voi olla merkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 etuja, kuten tehokkaampi petopuolustus tai parantunut ravinnon hankinta. Haplodiploidiset ruskom\u00e4ntypisti\u00e4iset (Neodiprion sertifer) el\u00e4v\u00e4t toukkavaiheen tiiviiss\u00e4 ryhmiss\u00e4, joissa ne puolustautuvat pedoilta yhdess\u00e4 eritt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 samanaikaisesti pihkayhdisteit\u00e4 sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 puolustusnestett\u00e4 ja asettumalla puolustusasentoon. T\u00e4st\u00e4 petopuolustuksesta on kuitenkin my\u00f6s kustannuksia yksil\u00f6ille, mik\u00e4 v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 niiden halukkuutta osallistua siihen olosuhteissa, miss\u00e4 puolustuksen tuottaminen on kallista. Pro-gradu ty\u00f6ni ensimm\u00e4isen\u00e4 tavoitteena oli tutkia miten ryhm\u00e4n sukulaisuus vaikuttaa yksil\u00f6iden petopuolustushalukkuuteen ja riskiin j\u00e4\u00e4d\u00e4 saaliiksi. Kokeessa manipuloin toukkaryhmien sukulaisuusrakennetta (sukulais- ja ei-sukulaisryhm\u00e4t), mittasin sen vaikutusta toukkien puolustusk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymiseen ja vertasin maastossa suoritetuissa saalistuskokeissa saalistusriski\u00e4 n\u00e4iden sukulaisuusk\u00e4sittelyiden v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Oletin, ett\u00e4 jos yksil\u00f6t ovat v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n halukkaita osallistumaan petopuolustukseen ei-sukulaisryhmiss\u00e4 t\u00e4m\u00e4 alentunut petopuolustushalukkuus voi my\u00f6s lis\u00e4t\u00e4 saaliiksi joutumisen riski\u00e4. Ty\u00f6ni toisen osion tavoitteena oli m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4\u00e4, miten paljon toukkien sosiaalinen ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6 (ryhm\u00e4n koko ja sukupuolijakauma) ja petopuolustusk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen vaihtelee luonnossa (joukkoesiintym\u00e4alue Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ell\u00e4). Mittasin 42 joukkoesiintym\u00e4alueelta ker\u00e4tyst\u00e4 toukkaryhm\u00e4st\u00e4 fenotyyppisi\u00e4 ominaisuuksia (ryhm\u00e4koon ja sukupuolijakauman) sek\u00e4 eri petopuolustusominaisuuksia. Kokeellisen osuuden tulosten perusteella yhteisty\u00f6halukkuus oli suurempaa sukulaisryhmiss\u00e4, kun k\u00e4sittelyille jakamisesta oli kulunut 48 h. Sukulaisuusk\u00e4sittelyll\u00e4 ei kuitenkaan ollut merkitsev\u00e4\u00e4 vaikutusta riskiin joutua saaliiksi. Luonnollisissa toukkaryhmiss\u00e4 toukat osallistuivat aktiivisemmin puolustukseen pieniss\u00e4 ryhmiss\u00e4 tai jos ryhm\u00e4n sukupuolijakauma oli naarasvinoutunut. Tulosteni mukaan toukkaryhm\u00e4n sukulaisuusasteella ja sosiaalisella ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ll\u00e4 on vaikutusta yksil\u00f6iden halukkuuteen tehd\u00e4 yhteisty\u00f6t\u00e4 petopuolustuksessa. T\u00e4ll\u00e4 mahdollisella pienimuotoisella vaihtelulla petopuolustusaktiivisuudessa ei kuitenkaan ole v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 suoraa vaikutusta riskiin joutua saaliiksi.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "The connection between natural selection and kin selection has long been a key question in the study of the evolution of cooperation. Cooperation can have significant advantages, such as more effective defence against predators or improved food acquisition. Haplodiploid European pine sawflies (Neodiprion sertifer) live in dense groups during the larval stage, where they defend themselves against predators by simultaneously excreting a defensive fluid containing resin compounds combined with a defensive display (\u2018U-shaped posture\u2019). However, antipredator defence also comes with a cost to individuals, which reduces their willingness to engage in circumstances where the costs of defence are high. The first goal of my master\u2019s thesis was to investigate how group relatedness level affects individuals' willingness to defend against predators and the risk of predation. In the experiment, I manipulated the relatedness structure of the larval groups (kin and non-kin groups), measured the defence behaviour of the larvae, and compared the predation risk between these treatment groups in field predation experiments. My hypothesis was that if individuals are less willing to engage in predator defence in non-kin groups, this reduced predator defence willingness may also increase the risk of predation. The goal of the second part of my work was to determine how much the larvae's social environment and predator defence behaviour varies in nature (an outbreak area in Pieks\u00e4m\u00e4ki). I measured phenotypic characteristics, such as group size and sex-ratio, as well as different predator defence characteristics from 42 larval groups. Based on the results, a larger proportion of the larvae participated in group defence in kin groups, when larvae had spent longer time in a new group (48h). However, the kin treatment had no significant effect on the survival against predation. In groups of larvae collected from natural population, larvae participated more actively in group defence in smaller than in larger groups. Also, female-biased larval groups defended more. According to my results, the social environment influences individuals\u2019 willingness to cooperate in predator defence, but this variation does not necessarily directly affect predation risk.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2023-08-03T05:59:29Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2023-08-03T05:59:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2023", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "38", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Diprionidae", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "huijaus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kattava kelpoisuus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kemiallinen puolustus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Sosiaalisen ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n vaikutus ruskom\u00e4ntypisti\u00e4isen (Neodiprion sertifer) toukkien petopuolustukseen", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202308034609", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ecology and evolutionary biology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.copyright", "value": "\u00a9 The Author(s)", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "copyright", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "4011", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "havupisti\u00e4iset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "yhteisty\u00f6", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "evoluutio", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "The author has not given permission to make the work publicly available electronically. Therefore the material can be read only at the archival workstation at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/collections/archival-workstation).", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Tekij\u00e4 ei ole antanut lupaa avoimeen julkaisuun, joten aineisto on luettavissa vain Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston arkistoty\u00f6semalta. Ks. https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/kokoelmat/arkistotyoasema..", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}]
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