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Johdanto. Ravitsemuksella on merkittävä rooli jalkapalloilijan optimaalisen suorituskyvyn
ulosmittaamisessa. Tutkimustieto koskien energiansaatavuutta ja ravitsemusosaamisen vaikutusta siihen naisjalkapalloilijoilla on vähäistä. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa pyrittiin selvittämään alhaisen energiansaatavuuden esiintymistä suomalaisilla naisjalkapalloilijoilla. Tarkoituksena oli myös selvittää, onko ravitsemustieto yhteydessä energiansaatavuuteen. Lisäksi pyrittiin selvittämään, oliko kehonkoostumus, energiansaatavuus ja ravitsemustieto yhteydessä toisiinsa suomalaisilla naisjalkapalloilijoilla.
Menetelmät. Tutkimushenkilöt (n= 34) olivat 18,7 vuotiaita (± 2,9), ja heidän perustietonsa olivat seuraavat: pituus 168,5 cm (± 5,9), paino 64,2 kg (± 8,6), kehon rasvaton massa 47,6 kg (± 4,8) ja rasvaprosentti 26,4 % (± 4,7). Kehonkoostumus määritettiin kaksienergisellä röntgen-absorptiometrialla (DXA). Energiansaatavuuden laskeminen tapahtui kolmen päivän ruokapäiväkirjan, harjoitusten aikaisen kulutuksen ja kehon rasvattoman massan (FFM) avulla. Ravitsemusosaamista kartoitettiin validoidulla ravitsemusosaamiskyselyllä. Pelaajat jaoteltiin LEA- ja non-LEA-ryhmiin energiansaatavuutensa perusteella (<30 kcal/kg FFM/vrk vs. ≥ 30 kcal/kg
FFM/vrk). Tilastolliset analyysit suoritettiin SPSS 28.0
ohjelmaa (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) sekä Microsoft Office Excel 2018 -ohjelmaa käyttäen. Aineiston normaalijakautuneisuus arvioitiin sekä Kolmogorov-Smirnov- että Shapiro-Wilk-testeillä. Efektikokojen analysoinnissa ryhmien välillä hyödynnettiin Mann Whitney U-testiä. Muuttujien välistä korrelaatiota
laskettiin hyödyntämällä Pearsonin korrelaatiokerrointa. Tilastollisen merkitsevyyden rajaksi määritettiin p<0.05. Tulokset ovat ilmoitettu muodossa tulos ± keskihajonta (SD).
Tulokset. Energiansaatavuus oli suomalaisilla naisjalkapalloilijoilla keskimäärin kohtalaista (40,6 ± 12,9 kcal/kg FFM/vrk). LEA-ryhmässä (n= 5) se oli 20,9 ± 5,0 kcal/kg FFM/vrk ja non-LEA-ryhmässä (n= 29) 43,9 ± 10,6 kcal/kg FFM/vrk. Energiansaatavuus vaihteli välillä 13,3-76,7 kcal/kg FFM/vrk. Energiansaatavuuden ja ravitsemusosaamisen välillä ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevää yhteyttä (r = -0,157, p = 0,491). Kehonkoostumus, energiansaatavuus ja ravitsemusosaaminen olivat osan muuttujien osalta yhteydessä toisiinsa tilastollisesti merkitsevästi. Ravitsemusosaaminen oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä seuraaviin muuttujiin: kehon rasvaton massa (r= 0,493, p = 0,005), kehonpaino (r = 0,448, p = 0,011) ja
pituus (r = 0,477, p = 0,007). Energiansaatavuus oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä seuraaviin muuttujiin: rasvamassa (r = -0,369, p = 0,041), rasvaton massa (r = -0,373, p = 0,039) sekä kehonpaino (r = 0,409, p = 0,022). Hiilihydraattien saanti jäi kaikilla suosituksesta (4,5 ± 1,5 g/kg), ja LEA- ja non-LEA-ryhmien välillä oli tilastollisesti merkitsevä ero lähes kaikkien ravitsemusmuuttujien suhteen.
Pohdinta ja johtopäätökset. Naisjalkapalloilijoiden energiansaatavuus jää useimmiten suosituksista. Pelkkä ravitsemustiedon kasvattaminen ei vaikuta parantavan urheilijoiden energiansaatavuutta, vaan se pitäisi yhdistää henkilökohtaiseen ohjaamiseen. Uutta tutkimustietoa tärkeämpää on suhteellisen energiavajeen tietoisuuden lisääminen pelaajille ja valmentajille.
Introduction. Nutrition is a vital part of footballer’s optimal performance. There are not many studies about energy availability and sports nutrition in female footballers. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of low energy availability in Finnish female footballers. The purpose is also to find if sports nutrition knowledge, energy availability and body composition
correlate with each other.
Methods. The participants (n = 34) were an average of 18.7 years old (± 2.9). Their characteristics were as follows: height 168.5 cm (± 5.9), body mass 64.2 kg (± 8.6), fat-free mass 47.6 kg (± 4.8) and body fat 26.4 % (± 4.7). Body composition was measured using whole body
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement (DXA). Energy availability was assessed using exercise energy expenditure, fat-free mass, and a three-day food diary. The participants also completed a nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Players were divided into LEA- and non-LEA-groups based on their energy availability (<30 kcal/kg FFM/d vs. ≥ 30 kcal/kg FFM/d). The results were analysed with SPSS 28.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) and Microsoft Office Excel 2018. Normality was assessed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov- and Shapiro-Wilk-tests. Effect sizes were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U-test. Correlations between variables were measured with Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The limit of statistical significance was set to p<0.05. All data were presented as mean ± SD.
Results. Energy availability was at a moderate level (40.6 ± 12.9 kcal/kg FFM/d). In LEA-group (n= 5) it was 20.9 ± 5.0 kcal/kg FFM/d and non-LEA-group (n= 29) 43.9 ± 10.6 kcal/kg FFM/d. Energy availability varied from 13.3 to 76.7 kcal/kg FFM/d. There was no statically
significant correlation between energy availability and sports nutrition knowledge (r = -0.157, p = 0.491). Body composition, energy availability and sports nutrition knowledge had some statistically significant correlations. Sports nutrition knowledge had a statistically significant
correlation with the following variables: fat-free mass (r = 0.493, p = 0.005), body mass (r = 0.448, p = 0.011) and height (r = 0.477, p = 0.007). Energy availability had a statistically significant correlation with the following variables: fat mass (r = -0.369, p = 0.041), fat-free mass
(r = -0.373, p = 0.039) and body mass (r = 0.409, p = 0.022). Carbohydrate intake did not meet the recommendations (4.5 ± 1.5 g/kg). There was a statically signific correlation between LEA- and non-LEA-groups within almost every nutrition variable.
Discussion and conclusions. Female footballers’ energy availability does not consistently meet the recommendations. Simply increasing nutrition knowledge does not improve the energy availability of players. For the best results, it should be combined with personal guidance. The most important thing is to increase the awareness of reduced energy availability for players and
coaches.
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Ravitsemuksella on merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 rooli jalkapalloilijan optimaalisen suorituskyvyn \nulosmittaamisessa. Tutkimustieto koskien energiansaatavuutta ja ravitsemusosaamisen vaikutusta siihen naisjalkapalloilijoilla on v\u00e4h\u00e4ist\u00e4. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 pro gradu -tutkielmassa pyrittiin selvitt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n alhaisen energiansaatavuuden esiintymist\u00e4 suomalaisilla naisjalkapalloilijoilla. Tarkoituksena oli my\u00f6s selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, onko ravitsemustieto yhteydess\u00e4 energiansaatavuuteen. Lis\u00e4ksi pyrittiin selvitt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n, oliko kehonkoostumus, energiansaatavuus ja ravitsemustieto yhteydess\u00e4 toisiinsa suomalaisilla naisjalkapalloilijoilla.\n\nMenetelm\u00e4t. Tutkimushenkil\u00f6t (n= 34) olivat 18,7 vuotiaita (\u00b1 2,9), ja heid\u00e4n perustietonsa olivat seuraavat: pituus 168,5 cm (\u00b1 5,9), paino 64,2 kg (\u00b1 8,6), kehon rasvaton massa 47,6 kg (\u00b1 4,8) ja rasvaprosentti 26,4 % (\u00b1 4,7). Kehonkoostumus m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin kaksienergisell\u00e4 r\u00f6ntgen-absorptiometrialla (DXA). Energiansaatavuuden laskeminen tapahtui kolmen p\u00e4iv\u00e4n ruokap\u00e4iv\u00e4kirjan, harjoitusten aikaisen kulutuksen ja kehon rasvattoman massan (FFM) avulla. Ravitsemusosaamista kartoitettiin validoidulla ravitsemusosaamiskyselyll\u00e4. Pelaajat jaoteltiin LEA- ja non-LEA-ryhmiin energiansaatavuutensa perusteella (<30 kcal/kg FFM/vrk vs. \u2265 30 kcal/kg \nFFM/vrk). Tilastolliset analyysit suoritettiin SPSS 28.0 \n ohjelmaa (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) sek\u00e4 Microsoft Office Excel 2018 -ohjelmaa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4en. Aineiston normaalijakautuneisuus arvioitiin sek\u00e4 Kolmogorov-Smirnov- ett\u00e4 Shapiro-Wilk-testeill\u00e4. Efektikokojen analysoinnissa ryhmien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 hy\u00f6dynnettiin Mann Whitney U-testi\u00e4. Muuttujien v\u00e4list\u00e4 korrelaatiota \nlaskettiin hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 Pearsonin korrelaatiokerrointa. Tilastollisen merkitsevyyden rajaksi m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin p<0.05. Tulokset ovat ilmoitettu muodossa tulos \u00b1 keskihajonta (SD).\n\nTulokset. Energiansaatavuus oli suomalaisilla naisjalkapalloilijoilla keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin kohtalaista (40,6 \u00b1 12,9 kcal/kg FFM/vrk). LEA-ryhm\u00e4ss\u00e4 (n= 5) se oli 20,9 \u00b1 5,0 kcal/kg FFM/vrk ja non-LEA-ryhm\u00e4ss\u00e4 (n= 29) 43,9 \u00b1 10,6 kcal/kg FFM/vrk. Energiansaatavuus vaihteli v\u00e4lill\u00e4 13,3-76,7 kcal/kg FFM/vrk. Energiansaatavuuden ja ravitsemusosaamisen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4\u00e4 yhteytt\u00e4 (r = -0,157, p = 0,491). Kehonkoostumus, energiansaatavuus ja ravitsemusosaaminen olivat osan muuttujien osalta yhteydess\u00e4 toisiinsa tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti. Ravitsemusosaaminen oli tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti yhteydess\u00e4 seuraaviin muuttujiin: kehon rasvaton massa (r= 0,493, p = 0,005), kehonpaino (r = 0,448, p = 0,011) ja\npituus (r = 0,477, p = 0,007). Energiansaatavuus oli tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti yhteydess\u00e4 seuraaviin muuttujiin: rasvamassa (r = -0,369, p = 0,041), rasvaton massa (r = -0,373, p = 0,039) sek\u00e4 kehonpaino (r = 0,409, p = 0,022). Hiilihydraattien saanti j\u00e4i kaikilla suosituksesta (4,5 \u00b1 1,5 g/kg), ja LEA- ja non-LEA-ryhmien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 oli tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4 ero l\u00e4hes kaikkien ravitsemusmuuttujien suhteen.\n\nPohdinta ja johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6kset. Naisjalkapalloilijoiden energiansaatavuus j\u00e4\u00e4 useimmiten suosituksista. Pelkk\u00e4 ravitsemustiedon kasvattaminen ei vaikuta parantavan urheilijoiden energiansaatavuutta, vaan se pit\u00e4isi yhdist\u00e4\u00e4 henkil\u00f6kohtaiseen ohjaamiseen. Uutta tutkimustietoa t\u00e4rke\u00e4mp\u00e4\u00e4 on suhteellisen energiavajeen tietoisuuden lis\u00e4\u00e4minen pelaajille ja valmentajille.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Introduction. Nutrition is a vital part of footballer\u2019s optimal performance. There are not many studies about energy availability and sports nutrition in female footballers. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of low energy availability in Finnish female footballers. The purpose is also to find if sports nutrition knowledge, energy availability and body composition \ncorrelate with each other.\n\nMethods. The participants (n = 34) were an average of 18.7 years old (\u00b1 2.9). Their characteristics were as follows: height 168.5 cm (\u00b1 5.9), body mass 64.2 kg (\u00b1 8.6), fat-free mass 47.6 kg (\u00b1 4.8) and body fat 26.4 % (\u00b1 4.7). Body composition was measured using whole body \ndual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement (DXA). Energy availability was assessed using exercise energy expenditure, fat-free mass, and a three-day food diary. The participants also completed a nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Players were divided into LEA- and non-LEA-groups based on their energy availability (<30 kcal/kg FFM/d vs. \u2265 30 kcal/kg FFM/d). The results were analysed with SPSS 28.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) and Microsoft Office Excel 2018. Normality was assessed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov- and Shapiro-Wilk-tests. Effect sizes were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U-test. Correlations between variables were measured with Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient. The limit of statistical significance was set to p<0.05. All data were presented as mean \u00b1 SD.\n\nResults. Energy availability was at a moderate level (40.6 \u00b1 12.9 kcal/kg FFM/d). In LEA-group (n= 5) it was 20.9 \u00b1 5.0 kcal/kg FFM/d and non-LEA-group (n= 29) 43.9 \u00b1 10.6 kcal/kg FFM/d. Energy availability varied from 13.3 to 76.7 kcal/kg FFM/d. There was no statically\nsignificant correlation between energy availability and sports nutrition knowledge (r = -0.157, p = 0.491). Body composition, energy availability and sports nutrition knowledge had some statistically significant correlations. Sports nutrition knowledge had a statistically significant \ncorrelation with the following variables: fat-free mass (r = 0.493, p = 0.005), body mass (r = 0.448, p = 0.011) and height (r = 0.477, p = 0.007). Energy availability had a statistically significant correlation with the following variables: fat mass (r = -0.369, p = 0.041), fat-free mass \n(r = -0.373, p = 0.039) and body mass (r = 0.409, p = 0.022). Carbohydrate intake did not meet the recommendations (4.5 \u00b1 1.5 g/kg). There was a statically signific correlation between LEA- and non-LEA-groups within almost every nutrition variable.\n\nDiscussion and conclusions. Female footballers\u2019 energy availability does not consistently meet the recommendations. Simply increasing nutrition knowledge does not improve the energy availability of players. For the best results, it should be combined with personal guidance. The most important thing is to increase the awareness of reduced energy availability for players and \ncoaches.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2023-05-29T05:41:16Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2023-05-29T05:41:16Z (GMT). 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