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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Wikgren, Jan", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Nurmela, Ira", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Bergman, Valtteri", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2023-03-16T07:03:05Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2023-03-16T07:03:05Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2023", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/86024", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, onko aivojen transkraniaalisella \ntasavirtastimulaatiolla (tDCS) vaikutusta palkkiopositiivisuuteen (Reward positivity, RewP). T\u00e4ll\u00e4 \npalkkiopositiivisuudella tarkoitetaan tapahtumasidonnaista her\u00e4tepotentiaalia (event-related \npotential, ERP) joka heijastaa aivojen palkkioj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n toimintaa. Aivojen palkkioj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n \ntoimintaan liittyy frontaalisen asymmetrian malli, joka jakaa l\u00e4hestymis- ja \nv\u00e4ltt\u00e4misk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen vastakkaisille aivopuoliskoille. L\u00e4hestymisk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen sijoittuu \nvasemmalle puoliskolle ja v\u00e4ltt\u00e4misk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen sijoittuu oikealle. Spekuloimme n\u00e4iden \nlateralisoituneiden toimintojen vaikuttavan palkkioihin liittyviin neuronaalisiin prosesseihin.\nT\u00e4ten k\u00e4ytimme t\u00e4t\u00e4 mallia viitekehyksen\u00e4mme, ja kohdistimme anodaalista tasavirtastimulaatiota \nvasemmalle dorsolateraaliselle prefrontaalikorteksille odottaen, ett\u00e4 stimulaatio vaikuttaisi \npalkkiopositiivisuuteen. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa t\u00e4h\u00e4n aivoalueeseen kohdistetun \nanodaalisen tasavirtastimulaation on havaittu olevan tuloksellista masennuksen hoidossa. tDCS:n \ntiedet\u00e4\u00e4n vaikuttavan hermosolujen s\u00e4hk\u00f6iseen aktiivisuuteen, mutta muut vaikutusmekanismit \novat viel\u00e4 ep\u00e4selvi\u00e4. Tutkimuksessamme lopullisiin analyyseihin sis\u00e4llytimme 35:n koehenkil\u00f6n \ntulokset, joista 23 oli naisia ja 12 miehi\u00e4. Koehenkil\u00f6t jaoimme satunnaisesti koe- (n=16) ja \nkontrolliryhmiin (n=19). Koeryhm\u00e4 sai tasavirtastimulaatiota vasemmalle dorsolateraaliselle \nprefrontaalikorteksille kymmenen minuutin ajan. Kontrolliryhm\u00e4 sen sijaan sai placebo-stimulaatiota, mik\u00e4 tarkoittaa, ett\u00e4 he saivat oikeaa stimulaatiota vain 30 sekuntia alussa ja lopuksi \nkymmenen minuutin j\u00e4lkeen 30 sekuntia. Stimulaation j\u00e4lkeen tutkittavat pelasivat \u201cgambling \ndoors task\u201d -peli\u00e4, jossa tutkittavien tuli valita kahden oven v\u00e4lill\u00e4, josta he joko voittivat tai \nh\u00e4visiv\u00e4t pisteit\u00e4. Pelin aikana mittasimme tutkittavilta EEG:n. Tulosten mukaan anodaalisella \ntDCS:ll\u00e4 ei ollut vaikutusta palkkiopositiivisuuteen, mutta havaitsimme sill\u00e4 olevan vaikutusta N1-\nja P2-vasteisiin. Tuloksissa mielenkiintomme her\u00e4tti my\u00f6s koholla pysynyt amplitudi P3-vasteen \nj\u00e4lkeen. T\u00e4m\u00e4n spekuloimme olevan my\u00f6h\u00e4inen positiivinen potentiaali (late positive potential). \nTuloksemme viittaavat tDCS:n vaikuttavan havaittujen \u00e4rsykkeiden reagointiin palkkioiden \nprosessoinnin sijaan.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "In this study we were interested in the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on \nreward positivity. Reward positivity is an ERP component that reflects reward-related neuronal \nphenomena. The brain\u2019s reward system is related to the frontal asymmetry model, which divides \napproach and avoidance behaviour into separate hemispheres, with approach behaviour located in \nthe left hemisphere and avoidance in the right. We speculated that this lateralized division could\nhave an effect on reward-related neuronal functions. Hence we used this model as a framework for \nour setup and targeted anodal tDCS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) with an \nexpectation that the stimulation would affect reward positivity. In earlier studies anodal tDCS \nstimulation of the left dlPFC has yielded promising results in the treatment of depression. However, \nthe exact working mechanism of tDCS is currently unknown. What is known is that it affects the \nelectrical charge of neurons but beyond that there is only speculation. In our study we gathered a \ntotal of 35 participants into the analyses consisting of 23 females and 12 males which we divided \ninto two groups in random order: experimental group (n=16) and control group (n=19). We gave \nthe experimental group real anodal tDCS into their left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for ten \nminutes. To the control group we gave placebo stimulation, which means they only got stimulation \nat the beginning and the end of the ten minute procedure. After the stimulation, the participants \nplayed the \u201cgambling doors task\u201d -game where they had to choose between two doors from which \nthey either gained or lost points. We collected EEG data during the game. Anodal tDCS did not \nhave an effect on reward positivity. Instead, we did notice an effect on other ERP components, \nnamely, N1 and P2. Another interesting occurrence was that the EEG amplitude stayed over the \nbaseline P3 which we speculated to be late positive potential. According to our results it would \nseem that tDCS affects reactivity towards perceived stimuli rather than reward processing.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2023-03-16T07:03:05Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2023-03-16T07:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2023", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "41", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "reward positivity (Rewp)", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "N1", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "P2", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "late positive potential (LPP)", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "frontal asymmetry", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "gambling doors task", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the reward related brain responses", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202303162177", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Kasvatustieteiden ja psykologian tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Education and Psychology", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Psykologian laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Psychology", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Psykologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Psychology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.copyright", "value": "\u00a9 The Author(s)", "language": 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