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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Helenius, Ilkka", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Paukkunen, Hannu", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Yrj\u00e4nheikki, Sami", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2022-11-23T06:35:07Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2022-11-23T06:35:07Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2022", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/84037", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4ss\u00e4 opinn\u00e4ytety\u00f6ss\u00e4 johdetaan ekvivalentti fotoniapproksimaatio ja siihen liittyv\u00e4 ekvivalentti fotonijakauma yhden ja kahden fotonivaihdon prosesseissa helisiteettipohjaista menetelm\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4en kvanttikentt\u00e4teorian viitekehyksess\u00e4. Johtamiset esitet\u00e4\u00e4n yksityiskohtaisemmin kuin kirjallisuudessa yleens\u00e4. Fotonijakaumien yleisi\u00e4 muotoja tarkastellaan spin-0- ja spin-1/2-hiukkasille k\u00e4ytt\u00e4en kvantti- ja skalaarikvanttis\u00e4hk\u00f6dynamiikan yleisi\u00e4 verteksirakenteita. Kolme protonin dipolimuototekij\u00f6ihin perustuvaa fotonijakaumaa johdetaan ja niit\u00e4 sovelletaan myoniparituottoon protoni-protoni-t\u00f6rm\u00e4yksiss\u00e4. Ekvivalentin fotoniapproksimaation avulla saatua myoniparin invarianttia massaspektri\u00e4 verrataan saman observaabelin tarkkaan laskuun kokonaismassakeskipiste-energioilla \u221as = 200 GeV ja \u221as = 13 TeV. Tarkka lasku lasketaan ilman approksimaatioita johtavaan kertalukuun ja sit\u00e4 integroidaan numeerisesti Monte-Carlo-menetelmin, ja sen n\u00e4hd\u00e4\u00e4n vastaavan hyvin ATLAS-kokeessa saatuja tuloksia. Tulosten perusteella jakauma, jossa sek\u00e4 protonin massa ett\u00e4 sen anomaalinen magneettinen momentti on j\u00e4tetty huomiotta, on tarkempi kuin jakauma, jossa vain protonin anomaalinen magneettinen momentti on j\u00e4tetty huomiotta. Tulokset osoittavat my\u00f6s, ett\u00e4 sek\u00e4 protonin massan ett\u00e4 sen anomaalisen magneettisen momentin huomioiva jakauma yliarvio tarkkaa laskua alle 4 %, tarjoten siten erinomaisen approksimaation invariantin massaspektrin laskemiseen myoniparituotossa molemmilla energioilla.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "In this thesis, the equivalent photon approximation and the associated equivalent photon distribution are derived in one- and two-photon exchange processes using a helicity-based method in the framework of quantum field theory. The derivations are presented in more detail than is usually found in the literature. The general forms of the photon distributions for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles are examined using the general vertex structure of quantum electrodynamics and scalar quantum electrodynamics. A total of three photon distributions based on the dipole form factors of the proton are derived and applied to muon-pair production in proton-proton collisions. The invariant-mass spectrum of the muon pair obtained using the equivalent photon approximation is compared to a full calculation of the same observable at total center-of-mass energies \u221as = 200 GeV and \u221as = 13 TeV. The full calculation is obtained at leading order without any approximations and numerically integrated using Monte-Carlo methods, and is found to be in good agreement with an experimental measurement by ATLAS. The results show that the distribution neglecting both the mass and the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton gives more accurate results than the distribution neglecting only the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton. The results also indicate that the distribution including both the mass and the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton overestimates the full calculation by less than 4 %, thus providing an excellent approximation to the calculation of the invariant-mass spectrum in the muon-pair production process at both energies.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2022-11-23T06:35:07Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2022-11-23T06:35:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2022", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "117", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "equivalent photon approximation", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "two-photon physics", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "lepton-pair production", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "The equivalent photon approximation in one- and two-photon exchange processes", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202211235316", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Fysiikan laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Physics", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Teoreettinen fysiikka", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Theoretical Physics", 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