Technology through The Danish Sound machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire

Uusien elektronisten tietokantojen ilmestyminen 2000-luvulla on lisännyt uutta kiinnostusta varhaismodernin ajan liikenteeseen, kaupankäyntiin ja teollistumisen alkuvaiheisiin. Tässä tutkielmassa hyödynnetään Juutinrauman tullitilien verkkotietokantaa (The Sound Toll Registers Online) ensimmäisen te...

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Päätekijä: Taipale, Topi
Muut tekijät: Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Historian ja etnologian laitos, Department of History and Ethnology, Jyväskylän yliopisto, University of Jyväskylä
Aineistotyyppi: Pro gradu
Kieli:eng
Julkaistu: 2022
Aiheet:
Linkit: https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/83846
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author Taipale, Topi
author2 Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Historian ja etnologian laitos Department of History and Ethnology Jyväskylän yliopisto University of Jyväskylä
author_facet Taipale, Topi Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Historian ja etnologian laitos Department of History and Ethnology Jyväskylän yliopisto University of Jyväskylä Taipale, Topi Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Historian ja etnologian laitos Department of History and Ethnology Jyväskylän yliopisto University of Jyväskylä
author_sort Taipale, Topi
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description Uusien elektronisten tietokantojen ilmestyminen 2000-luvulla on lisännyt uutta kiinnostusta varhaismodernin ajan liikenteeseen, kaupankäyntiin ja teollistumisen alkuvaiheisiin. Tässä tutkielmassa hyödynnetään Juutinrauman tullitilien verkkotietokantaa (The Sound Toll Registers Online) ensimmäisen teollistumisen leviämisen tutkimiseen. Tutkimuskohteena on koneiden tuonti Venäjän keisarikuntaan vuosien 1815–1853 välillä. Venäjän keisarikunnan ulkomaankauppatilastoja (Государственная внешняя торговля в разных ее видах) käytetään sekundäärisenä lähdeaineistona analyysin tukena. Koneiden tuonti Venäjälle liittyy myös teknologian siirron käsitteeseen. Venäjä on perinteisesti mielletty taloudellisesti takapajuisena ja myöhäisenä teollistujana 1800-luvun alussa. Teknologian siirto ulkomailta oli keskeisin tekijä venäläisen teollisuuden teknologisessa muutoksessa kyseisellä aikakaudella. Tutkielma tähtää tullitilien verkkotietokannan potentiaalin hyödyntämiseen koneiden tuonnin yleisen kehityksen ja rakenteiden selvityksessä. Aluksi koneiden kaupankäyntiä tarkastellaan koko Itämeren kontekstissa, jonka jälkeen huomio siirretään varsinaisesti koneiden tuontiin Venäjälle. Juutinrauman tullitilien verkkotietokannasta on kerätty erityinen osa-aineisto, ja koko tiedonkäsittelyprosessi on kuvattu mahdollisimman tarkasti. Tarpeellinen aineisto on kerätty niin ikään Venäjän keisarikunnan ulkomaankauppatilastoista. Yleisen kehityksen tarkasteluun on käytetty kuvailevavia aikasarjoja, ja frekvenssitaulut puolestaan osoittavat mahdolliset rakenteet koneiden kaupassa. Lopulta konerahtien arvojen vertailuun lähtösatamien ja kapteenien kotisatamien välillä on käytetty tilastollisia parametrittomia menetelmiä. Tulokset sopivat yhteen niiden näkemysten kanssa, jotka korostavat teknologista kehitystä ennen maaorjuuden lakkauttamista. Vaikka varteenotettava teollistuminen alkoi Venäjällä verrattain myöhään, koneiden tuonti kasvoi merkittävästi 1830-luvulta 1850-luvun alkuun. Keskeisin kauppareitti koneille kulki brittiläisen Kingston upon Hullin satamasta Pietariin. Antwerpenin rooli niin ikään korostui aineistossa merkittävänä koneiden lähtöpaikkana. Koneita kuljettaneiden laivojen kapteenien tarkastelu osoitti, että brittiläiset kapteenit dominoivat koneiden kuljetusta, mutta varsinaista erikoistumista koneiden kuljettamiselle ei esiintynyt kapteenien keskuudessa. Lisäksi tullitilien verkkotietokannan potentiaali koneiden kaupan tutkimuksessa on osoitettu mahdolliseksi ja uskottavia tuloksia tuottavaksi. Tietokanta mahdollistaa monipuolisen analyysin sekä mikro- että makrotasoilla. Silti huolellinen lähdekritiikki on välttämätöntä, sillä tietokannalla on lähdeaineistona niin ikään lukuisia heikkouksia. The introduction of novel online databases in the 2000s has increased the revisitation of research topics such as early modern transportation, trade, and the early origins of industrialization. This thesis uses the Sound Toll Registers Online -database for the study of the spread of the first industrialization by investigating the machinery imports to the Russian Empire between the years 1815 and 1853. The foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire (Государственная внешняя торговля в разных ее видах) are also used as a secondary source material to support the analysis. Machinery imports to Russia also relate to the concept of technology transfer. Russia is traditionally regarded as a backward economy and a late comer in terms of industrialization in the early 19th century. Transferring technology from abroad was the main driver for the technological change in the Russian industrial production in this period. This thesis aims to utilize the potential of STRO and to investigate the general development and structure of machinery imports to Russia. Machinery trade is investigated first in the context of the entire Baltic Sea and then the focus moves on the machinery imports to Russia. Special dataset is derived from STRO and the data collecting process is described in detail. Relevant data from Russian foreign trade statistics is also used in the analysis. Descriptive time series are utilized for the observation of general developments. Frequency tables reveal the basic structure of machinery trade. Eventually, non-parametric statistics are applied for statistical comparison of the values of the machinery cargos according to the ports of departure and to the home ports of the shipmasters. The results mostly support the view that significant technological development in Russian industry originates already decades before the Emancipation of the serfs. Even though considerable industrialization in Russia began relatively late, machinery imports increased substantially from the 1830’s towards the early 1850’s. The most significant trade route for machinery went from the British port of Kingston upon Hull to Saint Petersburg. The port of Antwerp also stands out as a significant port of departure for machinery shipments. The inspection on the shipmasters that participated in the machinery imports to Russia indicates that British shipmasters dominated the trade, but there was no considerable specialisation among individual shipmasters. In addition, the potential of STRO in a study of machinery trade has been demonstrated and plausible result can be produced by using the online database. The database has various possibilities between micro and macro level analysis. Still, cautious source criticism is required as the database has several shortcomings.
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T\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkielmassa hy\u00f6dynnet\u00e4\u00e4n Juutinrauman tullitilien verkkotietokantaa (The Sound Toll Registers Online) ensimm\u00e4isen teollistumisen levi\u00e4misen tutkimiseen. Tutkimuskohteena on koneiden tuonti Ven\u00e4j\u00e4n keisarikuntaan vuosien 1815\u20131853 v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Ven\u00e4j\u00e4n keisarikunnan ulkomaankauppatilastoja (\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0445) k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n sekund\u00e4\u00e4risen\u00e4 l\u00e4hdeaineistona analyysin tukena. Koneiden tuonti Ven\u00e4j\u00e4lle liittyy my\u00f6s teknologian siirron k\u00e4sitteeseen. Ven\u00e4j\u00e4 on perinteisesti mielletty taloudellisesti takapajuisena ja my\u00f6h\u00e4isen\u00e4 teollistujana 1800-luvun alussa. Teknologian siirto ulkomailta oli keskeisin tekij\u00e4 ven\u00e4l\u00e4isen teollisuuden teknologisessa muutoksessa kyseisell\u00e4 aikakaudella. Tutkielma t\u00e4ht\u00e4\u00e4 tullitilien verkkotietokannan potentiaalin hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4miseen koneiden tuonnin yleisen kehityksen ja rakenteiden selvityksess\u00e4.\n Aluksi koneiden kaupank\u00e4ynti\u00e4 tarkastellaan koko It\u00e4meren kontekstissa, jonka j\u00e4lkeen huomio siirret\u00e4\u00e4n varsinaisesti koneiden tuontiin Ven\u00e4j\u00e4lle. Juutinrauman tullitilien verkkotietokannasta on ker\u00e4tty erityinen osa-aineisto, ja koko tiedonk\u00e4sittelyprosessi on kuvattu mahdollisimman tarkasti. Tarpeellinen aineisto on ker\u00e4tty niin ik\u00e4\u00e4n Ven\u00e4j\u00e4n keisarikunnan ulkomaankauppatilastoista. Yleisen kehityksen tarkasteluun on k\u00e4ytetty kuvailevavia aikasarjoja, ja frekvenssitaulut puolestaan osoittavat mahdolliset rakenteet koneiden kaupassa. 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spellingShingle Taipale, Topi Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire technology imports technology transfer Sound Toll Registers Online 19th century Taloushistoria Economic History 3032 ulkomaankauppa merenkulku taloushistoria tilastot tuonti foreign trade maritime navigation economic history statistics (data) import
title Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire
title_full Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire
title_fullStr Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire
title_full_unstemmed Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire
title_short Technology through The Danish Sound
title_sort technology through the danish sound machinery imports to russia 1815 1853 evidence from the sound toll registers online and the foreign trade statistics of the russian empire
title_sub machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire
title_txtP Technology through The Danish Sound : machinery imports to Russia 1815—1853: evidence from the Sound Toll Registers Online and the foreign trade statistics of the Russian Empire
topic technology imports technology transfer Sound Toll Registers Online 19th century Taloushistoria Economic History 3032 ulkomaankauppa merenkulku taloushistoria tilastot tuonti foreign trade maritime navigation economic history statistics (data) import
topic_facet 19th century 3032 Economic History Sound Toll Registers Online Taloushistoria economic history foreign trade import maritime navigation merenkulku statistics (data) taloushistoria technology imports technology transfer tilastot tuonti ulkomaankauppa
url https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/83846 http://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202211115145
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