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Yksinäisyys on yleisintä yli 75-vuotiailla henkilöillä, ja yksinäisyyteen yhteydessä olevat tekijät voidaan jakaa sosiodemografisiin, sosiaalisiin sekä terveyteen liittyviin tekijöihin. Yksinäisyyden esiintyvyyden muutoksista löytyy kuitenkin rajallisesti kirjallisuutta 75-vuotiailla ja tätä vanhemmilla henkilöillä. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, onko yksinäi-syyden esiintyvyydessä tapahtunut muutoksia 28 vuoden aikana, kun vertaillaan 1910- ja 1930–1940-luvuilla syntyneitä 75- ja 80-vuotiaita. Lisäksi tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin mahdollisten kohorttierojen taustalla olevia yksinäisyyteen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä.
Tämä tutkielma perustui Ikivihreät- ja AGNES-aineistoihin. Tutkittavat olivat 75- ja 80-vuotiaita jyväskyläläisiä kotona asuvia henkilöitä. Ikivihreät-aineiston tutkittavat olivat syntyneet vuosina 1910 ja 1914 (n = 617) ja AGNES-aineiston tutkittavat vuosina 1938–1939 ja 1942–1943 (n = 794). Aineistoja kerättiin kotihaastattelulla ja postikyselyllä. Yksinäisyyttä mitattiin kysymällä tutkittavilta seuraavaa: ”Kuinka usein tunnette itsenne yksinäiseksi?”. Selittäviä muuttujia olivat ikä, sukupuoli, kohortti, yksinasuminen, koulutustaso, siviilisääty, ystävien sekä tuttavien tapaaminen, koettu terveys ja masentuneisuuden tuntemukset. Kohorttieroja analysoitiin ristiintaulukoinnilla, khiin neliö -testillä ja sovitetuilla standardoiduilla jäännöksillä (ASR). Kohorttieroja selittäviä tekijöitä tarkasteltiin logistisella regressioanalyysillä.
Kohorttien välillä havaittiin tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja yksinäisyydessä sekä 75-vuotiailla (p = 0,003) että 80-vuotiailla (p < 0,001). Aiemmassa 75-vuotiaiden kohortissa oli enemmän niitä, jotka kokivat yksinäisyyttä usein tai melkein aina (10,8 %, ASR = 3,3) kuin myöhemmässä kohortissa (4,6 %, ASR = -3,3). 80-vuotiaiden aiemmassa kohortissa oli puolestaan suurempi osuus hyvin harvoin tai ei lainkaan (72,7 %, ASR = 4,3) yksinäisyyttä kokevia kuin myöhem-mässä kohortissa (55,1 %, ASR = -4,3) sekä pienempi osuus harvoin yksinäisyyttä kokevia (18,9 %, ASR = -4,8) kuin myöhemmässä kohortissa (37,1 %, ASR = 4,8). Muissa yksinäisyyden luokissa ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja. Vain 75-vuotiaat otettiin mukaan jatkotarkasteluun, sillä 80-vuotiaiden kohorttien välillä ei havaittu eroja (p = 0,878) yksinäisyyden ollessa kaksiluokkaisena muuttujana. Kohortti ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä yksinäisyyteen 75-vuotiailla (p > 0,05) koulutustason, koetun terveyden sekä masentuneisuuden tuntemusten kontrolloimisen jälkeen. Muut muuttujat eivät muuttaneet kohortin ja yksinäisyyden yhteyttä tilastollisesti merkitsevästi.
Näyttää siltä, ettei yksinäisyys ole yleistynyt viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana 75- ja 80-vuotiailla kotona asuvilla henkilöillä. 75-vuotiaiden aiempi kohortti oli myöhempää kohorttia yksinäisempi, mutta 80-vuotiailla kohorteilla ei havaittu yhtä selkeitä eroja yksinäisten välillä. Myöhemmän kohortin parempi koulutustaso, koettu terveys sekä lievemmät masentuneisuuden tuntemukset selittivät osittain kohorttieroja yksinäisyydessä 75-vuotiailla. Tulokset voivat muuttaa käsityksiä yksinäisyydestä ikääntyvillä henkilöillä. Aiheesta tarvitaan kuitenkin lisää tutki-musta yli 80-vuotiailla, toimintakyvyltään rajoittuneilla ja muualla kuin kotona asuvilla henkilöillä.
Loneliness is most common among people over the age of 75. The factors associated with loneliness can be divided into sociodemographic, social and health-related phenomena, but limited research has examined changes in the incidence of loneliness among people of those ages. The purpose of this master's thesis was to find out whether there have been changes in the prevalence of loneliness over 28 years by comparing 75- and 80-year-olds born in the 1910s with those born in the 1930s–1940s. In addition, the factors underlying possible cohort differences were investigated.
The data in this study were drawn from the Evergreen and AGNES studies. The participants were 75- and 80-year-old home-dwelling older adults living in Jyväskylä, Central Finland. The participants in the Evergreen study were born in 1910 and 1914 (n = 617) while the participants in the AGNES study were born in 1938–1939 and 1942–1943 (n = 794). The data were collected through home interviews and a postal survey. Loneliness was measured by asking, “How often do you feel lonely?”. The potential explanatory variables were age, gender, cohort, living alone, level of education, marital status, social contacts with close friends and acquaintances, perceived health and depressive symptoms. Cohort differences were analysed by cross-tabulations with chi-square tests and adjusted standardised residuals (ASR). The factors explaining potential cohort differences were examined by logistic regression analysis.
Statistically significant differences in loneliness were observed between the cohorts among both the 75-year-olds (p = 0.003) and the 80-year-olds (p < 0.001). More people among the earlier-born cohort’s 75-year-olds experienced loneliness often or almost always (10.8 %, ASR = 3.3) than in the later-born cohort (4.8 %, ASR = -3.3). The earlier-born cohort’s 80-year-olds had a higher proportion of people who experienced loneliness very rarely or never (72.7 %, ASR = 4.3) than in the later-born cohort (55.1 %, ASR = -4.3) and a lower proportion of those who experienced loneliness rarely (18.9 %, ASR = -4.8) than in the later-born cohort (37.1 %, ASR = 4,8). No statistically significant differences were observed in the other categories of loneliness. Only the 75-year-olds were included in further analysis as no differences were observed between the 80-year-old cohorts when employing loneliness as a dichotomous variable (p = 0.878). Birth-decade cohort was no longer statistically significantly associated with loneliness in 75-year-olds (p > 0.05) after controlling for levels of education, perceived health and depressive symptoms. Other variables did not statistically significantly alter the association between cohort and loneliness.
Loneliness does not appear to have become more prevalent in the past decades among people aged 75 or 80 and living at home. The earlier-born cohort’s 75-year-olds were lonelier than the later-born ones, but the 80-year-olds did not exhibit as clear differences in loneliness between the cohorts. The higher educational levels of those in the later-born cohort as well as their better perceived health and fewer depressive symptoms partly explained cohort differences in loneliness in 75-year-olds. The results may change perceptions of loneliness in older people. However, further research is needed on the subject in people over 80 years of age, in those with disabilities and in those living outside the home.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kokko, Katja", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Nummisalo, Nelli", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2022-06-08T05:48:17Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2022-06-08T05:48:17Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2022", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81555", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Yksin\u00e4isyys on yleisint\u00e4 yli 75-vuotiailla henkil\u00f6ill\u00e4, ja yksin\u00e4isyyteen yhteydess\u00e4 olevat tekij\u00e4t voidaan jakaa sosiodemografisiin, sosiaalisiin sek\u00e4 terveyteen liittyviin tekij\u00f6ihin. Yksin\u00e4isyyden esiintyvyyden muutoksista l\u00f6ytyy kuitenkin rajallisesti kirjallisuutta 75-vuotiailla ja t\u00e4t\u00e4 vanhemmilla henkil\u00f6ill\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4n pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, onko yksin\u00e4i-syyden esiintyvyydess\u00e4 tapahtunut muutoksia 28 vuoden aikana, kun vertaillaan 1910- ja 1930\u20131940-luvuilla syntyneit\u00e4 75- ja 80-vuotiaita. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin mahdollisten kohorttierojen taustalla olevia yksin\u00e4isyyteen yhteydess\u00e4 olevia tekij\u00f6it\u00e4.\n\nT\u00e4m\u00e4 tutkielma perustui Ikivihre\u00e4t- ja AGNES-aineistoihin. Tutkittavat olivat 75- ja 80-vuotiaita jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4l\u00e4isi\u00e4 kotona asuvia henkil\u00f6it\u00e4. Ikivihre\u00e4t-aineiston tutkittavat olivat syntyneet vuosina 1910 ja 1914 (n = 617) ja AGNES-aineiston tutkittavat vuosina 1938\u20131939 ja 1942\u20131943 (n = 794). Aineistoja ker\u00e4ttiin kotihaastattelulla ja postikyselyll\u00e4. Yksin\u00e4isyytt\u00e4 mitattiin kysym\u00e4ll\u00e4 tutkittavilta seuraavaa: \u201dKuinka usein tunnette itsenne yksin\u00e4iseksi?\u201d. Selitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 muuttujia olivat ik\u00e4, sukupuoli, kohortti, yksinasuminen, koulutustaso, siviilis\u00e4\u00e4ty, yst\u00e4vien sek\u00e4 tuttavien tapaaminen, koettu terveys ja masentuneisuuden tuntemukset. Kohorttieroja analysoitiin ristiintaulukoinnilla, khiin neli\u00f6 -testill\u00e4 ja sovitetuilla standardoiduilla j\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6ksill\u00e4 (ASR). Kohorttieroja selitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 tekij\u00f6it\u00e4 tarkasteltiin logistisella regressioanalyysill\u00e4.\n\nKohorttien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 havaittiin tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja yksin\u00e4isyydess\u00e4 sek\u00e4 75-vuotiailla (p = 0,003) ett\u00e4 80-vuotiailla (p < 0,001). Aiemmassa 75-vuotiaiden kohortissa oli enemm\u00e4n niit\u00e4, jotka kokivat yksin\u00e4isyytt\u00e4 usein tai melkein aina (10,8 %, ASR = 3,3) kuin my\u00f6hemm\u00e4ss\u00e4 kohortissa (4,6 %, ASR = -3,3). 80-vuotiaiden aiemmassa kohortissa oli puolestaan suurempi osuus hyvin harvoin tai ei lainkaan (72,7 %, ASR = 4,3) yksin\u00e4isyytt\u00e4 kokevia kuin my\u00f6hem-m\u00e4ss\u00e4 kohortissa (55,1 %, ASR = -4,3) sek\u00e4 pienempi osuus harvoin yksin\u00e4isyytt\u00e4 kokevia (18,9 %, ASR = -4,8) kuin my\u00f6hemm\u00e4ss\u00e4 kohortissa (37,1 %, ASR = 4,8). Muissa yksin\u00e4isyyden luokissa ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja. Vain 75-vuotiaat otettiin mukaan jatkotarkasteluun, sill\u00e4 80-vuotiaiden kohorttien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ei havaittu eroja (p = 0,878) yksin\u00e4isyyden ollessa kaksiluokkaisena muuttujana. Kohortti ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti yhteydess\u00e4 yksin\u00e4isyyteen 75-vuotiailla (p > 0,05) koulutustason, koetun terveyden sek\u00e4 masentuneisuuden tuntemusten kontrolloimisen j\u00e4lkeen. Muut muuttujat eiv\u00e4t muuttaneet kohortin ja yksin\u00e4isyyden yhteytt\u00e4 tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti.\n\nN\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 silt\u00e4, ettei yksin\u00e4isyys ole yleistynyt viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana 75- ja 80-vuotiailla kotona asuvilla henkil\u00f6ill\u00e4. 75-vuotiaiden aiempi kohortti oli my\u00f6hemp\u00e4\u00e4 kohorttia yksin\u00e4isempi, mutta 80-vuotiailla kohorteilla ei havaittu yht\u00e4 selkeit\u00e4 eroja yksin\u00e4isten v\u00e4lill\u00e4. My\u00f6hemm\u00e4n kohortin parempi koulutustaso, koettu terveys sek\u00e4 lievemm\u00e4t masentuneisuuden tuntemukset selittiv\u00e4t osittain kohorttieroja yksin\u00e4isyydess\u00e4 75-vuotiailla. Tulokset voivat muuttaa k\u00e4sityksi\u00e4 yksin\u00e4isyydest\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyvill\u00e4 henkil\u00f6ill\u00e4. Aiheesta tarvitaan kuitenkin lis\u00e4\u00e4 tutki-musta yli 80-vuotiailla, toimintakyvylt\u00e4\u00e4n rajoittuneilla ja muualla kuin kotona asuvilla henkil\u00f6ill\u00e4.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Loneliness is most common among people over the age of 75. The factors associated with loneliness can be divided into sociodemographic, social and health-related phenomena, but limited research has examined changes in the incidence of loneliness among people of those ages. The purpose of this master's thesis was to find out whether there have been changes in the prevalence of loneliness over 28 years by comparing 75- and 80-year-olds born in the 1910s with those born in the 1930s\u20131940s. In addition, the factors underlying possible cohort differences were investigated.\n\nThe data in this study were drawn from the Evergreen and AGNES studies. The participants were 75- and 80-year-old home-dwelling older adults living in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Central Finland. The participants in the Evergreen study were born in 1910 and 1914 (n = 617) while the participants in the AGNES study were born in 1938\u20131939 and 1942\u20131943 (n = 794). The data were collected through home interviews and a postal survey. Loneliness was measured by asking, \u201cHow often do you feel lonely?\u201d. The potential explanatory variables were age, gender, cohort, living alone, level of education, marital status, social contacts with close friends and acquaintances, perceived health and depressive symptoms. Cohort differences were analysed by cross-tabulations with chi-square tests and adjusted standardised residuals (ASR). The factors explaining potential cohort differences were examined by logistic regression analysis.\n\nStatistically significant differences in loneliness were observed between the cohorts among both the 75-year-olds (p = 0.003) and the 80-year-olds (p < 0.001). More people among the earlier-born cohort\u2019s 75-year-olds experienced loneliness often or almost always (10.8 %, ASR = 3.3) than in the later-born cohort (4.8 %, ASR = -3.3). The earlier-born cohort\u2019s 80-year-olds had a higher proportion of people who experienced loneliness very rarely or never (72.7 %, ASR = 4.3) than in the later-born cohort (55.1 %, ASR = -4.3) and a lower proportion of those who experienced loneliness rarely (18.9 %, ASR = -4.8) than in the later-born cohort (37.1 %, ASR = 4,8). No statistically significant differences were observed in the other categories of loneliness. Only the 75-year-olds were included in further analysis as no differences were observed between the 80-year-old cohorts when employing loneliness as a dichotomous variable (p = 0.878). Birth-decade cohort was no longer statistically significantly associated with loneliness in 75-year-olds (p > 0.05) after controlling for levels of education, perceived health and depressive symptoms. Other variables did not statistically significantly alter the association between cohort and loneliness. \n\nLoneliness does not appear to have become more prevalent in the past decades among people aged 75 or 80 and living at home. The earlier-born cohort\u2019s 75-year-olds were lonelier than the later-born ones, but the 80-year-olds did not exhibit as clear differences in loneliness between the cohorts. The higher educational levels of those in the later-born cohort as well as their better perceived health and fewer depressive symptoms partly explained cohort differences in loneliness in 75-year-olds. The results may change perceptions of loneliness in older people. However, further research is needed on the subject in people over 80 years of age, in those with disabilities and in those living outside the home.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2022-06-08T05:48:17Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-08T05:48:17Z (GMT). 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