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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Louhelainen, Jarmo", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Tikkakoski, Satu", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Heikkil\u00e4, Jenni", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2022-06-06T10:21:07Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2022-06-06T10:21:07Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2022", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81504", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4m\u00e4n pro gradu -ty\u00f6n kirjallisessa osassa perehdyttiin vesin\u00e4ytteiden kvantitatiiviseen r\u00f6ntgenfluoresenssianalytiikkaan (XRF) liittyviin teemoihin. XRF on nopea, stabiili ja tarkka analyysimenetelm\u00e4, joka soveltuu useiden alkuaineiden mittaamiseen laajalla pitoisuusalueella. XRF-tekniikoilla on useita sovelluskohteita tutkimuksessa ja teollisuudessa. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella XRF-tekniikkaa ei yleisesti sovelleta vesin\u00e4ytteiden mittaamiseen, ja useat tutkijat ovat hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4neet n\u00e4ytteiden konsentrointia suoran nestefaasimittauksen sijaan. XRF-analytiikassa n\u00e4ytematriisin kemialliset ja fysikaaliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat voimakkaasti mitattavaan signaaliin, ja matriisivaikutusten korjaamiseen on kehitetty lukuisia menetelmi\u00e4. Taustas\u00e4teilyn voimakas sironta on tyypillist\u00e4 vesipohjaisilla n\u00e4ytteill\u00e4. Ty\u00f6n kokeellisessa osassa kehitettiin mittausmenetelm\u00e4 vesipohjaisten prosessin\u00e4ytteiden ja j\u00e4tevesien mittaamiseen aallonpituus-dispersiivisell\u00e4 XRF-tekniikalla (WDXRF). Kalibrointi tehtiin vesipohjaisilla standardiliuoksilla kymmenelle alkuaineelle (Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe). N\u00e4ytteet mitattiin nestefaasissa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4en nesten\u00e4ytteille tarkoitettuja n\u00e4ytekuppeja. Kalibroinnit olivat lineaarisia, ja m\u00e4\u00e4ritysrajat asettuivat alkuaineesta riippuen 3,4\u201324,6 ppm tasolle. Menetelm\u00e4n toimivuutta testattiin mittaamalla standardiliuoksia sek\u00e4 n\u00e4ytteit\u00e4, joissa alkuaineiden pitoisuuksia oli kasvatettu lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 standardiliuosta n\u00e4ytteeseen. XRF-menetelm\u00e4n tuloksia verrattiin referenssimenetelmien tuloksiin. Saantoprosentit olivat natriumille 70\u201390 %, ja muille alkuaineille yleisesti 100\u2013120 %. XRF-menetelm\u00e4n tulokset olivat yleisesti suurempia kuin referenssimenetelmien tulokset, lukuun ottamatta natriumia. Tulosten suhteellinen hajonta XRF menetelm\u00e4ll\u00e4 oli 2\u201316 %. Hajonta oli suurempaa natriumilla ja kloorilla kuin muilla alkuaineilla. Esik\u00e4sittelytesteihin valittiin kaksi erilaista n\u00e4ytetyyppi\u00e4, joista toinen oli \u00f6ljy vedess\u00e4 -emulsio ja toisessa oli kirkas vesifaasi. Esik\u00e4sittelyin\u00e4 testattiin erotusta erotussuppilossa, suodatusta ja sentrifugointia. XRF-menetelm\u00e4ll\u00e4 mitatut tulokset olivat l\u00e4hell\u00e4 referenssimenetelmien tuloksia molemmilla n\u00e4ytetyypeill\u00e4. Esik\u00e4sittelyill\u00e4 ei ollut vaikutusta n\u00e4ytteist\u00e4 mitattuihin alkuainepitoisuuksiin, eik\u00e4 n\u00e4ytteen l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila vaikuttanut mittaukseen.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "In the literature review of this Master\u2019s thesis work, topics related to quantitative analysis of aqueous samples with x-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques were covered. XRF techniques are fast, highly stable and accurate methods for analysing several elements in wide concentration ranges. The techniques have a variety of applications in industry and research. According to the literature, XRF techniques are less typically used for measuring aqueous samples, and many researchers have used preconcentration techniques to obtain sufficient detection limits. In XRF, the analyte signal is strongly affected by the physical and chemical properties of the sample matrix, and several matrix correction procedures have been developed. Strong background scattering is typical for aqueous matrices. In the experimental part of the work, a method for measuring aqueous process samples with wavelength dispersive XRF instrumentation (WDXRF) was developed. The method was calibrated with aqueous standard solutions, and it included 10 elements (Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe). The samples were measured directly as liquids using liquid sample cups. Calibrations were linear, and the limits of quantitation were between 3.4 \u2013 24.6 ppm depending on the analyte. Method performance was tested with standard solutions and spiked samples, and the results were compared to the results from reference methods. Recoveries for sodium were 70 \u2013 90% whereas for other elements the recoveries were 100 \u2013 120%. Except for sodium, the results from XRF were generally higher than the results from reference methods. Relative standard deviation of results was 2 \u2013 16%. Variance was greater for Na and Cl than for other elements. Sample pretreatment tests were performed for two typical sample types, one being an organic-in water emulsion and the other having a clear aqueous phase. Sample pretreatment by funnel separation, filtration and centrifugation was tested. For both sample types, the XRF results were close to the results from reference methods. The measured analyte concentrations were similar after each pretreatment procedure, and the results were not affected by the changes in the sample temperature.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2022-06-06T10:21:07Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-06T10:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2022", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "122", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "x-ray fluorescence", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "aqueous samples", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "elemental analysis", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Elemental Analysis of Aqueous Process Samples with Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202206063121", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Kemian laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Chemistry", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Kemia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Chemistry", 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