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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Ihalainen, Johanna", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Hulmi, Juha", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Laisi, Ida", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2022-06-01T08:26:00Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2022-06-01T08:26:00Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2022", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81396", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Liikunnalla ja fyysisell\u00e4 aktiivisuudella on keskeinen merkitys luiden vahvistumisen kannalta. Monipuolista ja ep\u00e4tavallista iskutusta sis\u00e4lt\u00e4viss\u00e4 lajeissa luuntiheys kehittyy parhaiten. Alhaisen luuntiheyden riskiss\u00e4 ovat urheilijat, joiden lajissa ei ole iskutusta, iskutus on yksipuolista sek\u00e4 urheilijat, joilla on alhainen kehonpaino ja kuukautiskierron h\u00e4iri\u00f6it\u00e4. Alhainen energiansaatavuus ja siit\u00e4 johtuvat kuukautiskierron h\u00e4iri\u00f6t ovat yhteydess\u00e4 alentuneeseen luuntiheyteen, sill\u00e4 estrogeenill\u00e4 on keskeinen merkitys naisten luunterveydelle. Estrogeeni vaikuttaa naisilla my\u00f6s rasvan jakautumiseen lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 rasvan varastoitumista ihonalaiseen kudokseen lantion, reisien ja pakaroiden alueelle. Kuukautiskierron h\u00e4iri\u00f6ist\u00e4 k\u00e4rsivill\u00e4 urheilijoilla on yleens\u00e4 kehossaan v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n rasvaa normaalin kuukautiskierron omaaviin henkil\u00f6ihin verrattuna, sill\u00e4 normaaliin hormonitoimintaan tarvitaan riitt\u00e4v\u00e4 m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 ihonalaista rasvaa.\n\nRasvan jakautumisesta ja sen yhteyksist\u00e4 luuntiheyteen on vain v\u00e4h\u00e4n tutkimuksia urheilijoilla. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkimusten tulokset ovat osittain ristiriitaisia kesken\u00e4\u00e4n ja sen vuoksi t\u00e4llaiselle tutkimukselle on tarvetta. T\u00e4m\u00e4n pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena olikin selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 rasvan jakautumisen, kehonkoostumuksen, kuukautiskierron ja hormonitoiminnan yhteyksi\u00e4 luuntiheyteen suomalaisilla naisurheilijoilla. Lis\u00e4ksi tarkoituksena oli tutkia lajien v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 eroja samojen muuttujien osalta. Tutkimusaineisto koostui yli 300 urheilijasta 16 eri lajista, joten aineistoa voidaan pit\u00e4\u00e4 laajana. Lajit jaoteltiin painosensitiivisiin ja v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n painosensitiivisiin lajeihin. Tilastollisina menetelmin\u00e4 k\u00e4ytettiin Pearsonin korrelaatiota, T- testi\u00e4, Man-Whitneyn U-testi\u00e4, regressioanalyysi\u00e4 sek\u00e4 varianssianalyysi\u00e4. Tilastollisen merkitsevyyden rajaksi asetettiin p<0,05.\n\nKoko kehon luuntiheys ja Z-luku olivat t\u00e4ss\u00e4 aineistossa urheilijoilla hyv\u00e4ll\u00e4 tasolla, sill\u00e4 vain yhdell\u00e4 urheilijalla Z-luku oli alle kriittisen -1 rajan. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, ett\u00e4 rasvaton massa oli positiivisesti yhteydess\u00e4 luuntiheyteen (r=0,478, p<0,001). Rasvan m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4ll\u00e4 tai sen jakautumisella taas ei havaittu yhteytt\u00e4 luuntiheyteen. Amenorrisilla urheilijoilla oli tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti alhaisempi rasvaprosentti (p<0,001) ja rasvan m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 (p<0,001) kuin muilla urheilijoilla. Heill\u00e4 oli my\u00f6s alhaisempi BMD ja Z-luku, mutta erot eiv\u00e4t ylt\u00e4neet tilastolliseen merkitsevyyteen. Painosensitiivisten ja v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n painosensitiivisten lajien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 oli tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja useissa muuttujissa. Painosensitiivisten lajien urheilijoilla oli muun muassa suurempi Z-luku (p<0,001), BMD (p<0,001) ja enemm\u00e4n rasvaa kaikilla muuttujilla mitattuna verrattuna v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n painosensitiivisten lajien urheilijoihin.\n\nTutkimuksen perusteella painosensitiivisiss\u00e4 lajeissa urheilijat ovat suuremmassa riskiss\u00e4 kuukautiskierron h\u00e4iri\u00f6ihin ja alhaisempaan luuntiheyteen verrattuna v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n painosensitiivisiin lajeihin. Suurimmassa riskiss\u00e4 vaikuttavat olevan kest\u00e4vyyslajien harrastajat sek\u00e4 esteettisten lajien urheilijat. Urheilijoille tulee levitt\u00e4\u00e4 tietoisuutta siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 kuukautiskierron h\u00e4iri\u00f6t ja rasitusmurtumat voivat olla merkkej\u00e4 alhaisesta energiansaatavuudesta, jolla voi olla haitallisia vaikutuksia luustolle pidemm\u00e4ll\u00e4 aikav\u00e4lill\u00e4.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Exercise and physical activity play a key role in strengthening the bones. Sports that involve a variety of impacts develop the highest bone mineral density. Athletes who are at risk of low bone mineral density are those who \u0301s sport is without impact or has unilateral impact, and athletes with low body weight and menstrual disorders. Low energy availability and menstrual disorders are associated with reduced bone density as estrogen plays a key role in women \u0301s bone health. Estrogen also affects fat distribution in women by increasing the storage of fat in subcutaneous tissue in the pelvic, thigh, and buttock areas. Athletes with menstrual disorders tend to have less body fat than those with normal menstrual cycles, as a sufficient amount of subcutaneous fat is needed for normal endocrine function.\n\nThere are only few studies on fat distribution and its relationship with bone mineral density in female athletes and the results of these studies are partly contradictory. Therefore, there is a need for such a study. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between fat distribution, body composition, menstrual cycle, endocrine function and bone mineral density in Finnish female athletes. In addition, the aim was to investigate differences between sports. Data can be considered extensive because this study examined more than 300 athletes from 16 different sports. The sports were divided into weight-sensitive and less weight-sensitive sports. The statistical methods used were Pearson correlation, T-test, Man-Whitney U-test, regression analysis and variance analysis. The threshold for statistical significance was set at p<0,05.\n\nTotal BMD and Z-scores were at a good level in the athletes in this study, with only one athlete having a Z-score below the critical -1 threshold. The study found that fat free mass was positively associated with bone mineral density (r=478, p<0,001). No association was found between fat quantity or fat distribution and BMD. Amenorrheic athletes had statistically significantly lower fat percentage (p<0,001) and fat mass (p<0,001) than other athletes. They also had lower BMD and Z-scores, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. There were statistically significant differences between weight-sensitive and less-weight sensitive sports on several variables. For example, athletes in less weight-sensitive sports had higher Z-scores (p<0,001), BMD (p<0,001) and more body fat compared to athletes in weight- sensitive sports.\n\nThe study found that athletes in weight-sensitive sports are at higher risk of menstrual disorders and lower bone mineral density compared to athletes in less weight-sensitive sports. Endurance and aesthetic athletes are at the greatest risk. Athletes should be made aware of menstrual disorders and stress fractures as a sign of low energy availability, which can have a detrimental effect on bones in the longer term.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2022-06-01T08:26:00Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-01T08:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2022", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "71", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "naisurheilija", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "rasvan jakautuminen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "rasvaton massa", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Rasvan jakautumisen, kehonkoostumuksen, hormonitoiminnan ja urheilijan lajin yhteydet luuntiheyteen suomalaisilla naisurheilijoilla", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202206013020", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Liikuntafysiologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Exercise Physiology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "5011", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "urheilijat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "urheilu", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "luusto", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "luuntiheys", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kuukautiset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "naiset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}]
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