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Kehonkoostumuksen tiedetään olevan yhteydessä sotilaiden fyysiseen toimintakykyyn niin, että korkeampi rasvaprosentti on yhteydessä heikompaan fyysiseen toimintakykyyn. Korkeamman rasvaprosentin on kuitenkin havaittu suojaavan lihasmassan vähenemiseltä energiavajeen aikana, ja tämän tutkielman ensisijaisena tarkoituksena olikin selvittää, voiko korkeampi rasvaprosentti ja lihasmassan säästyminen edesauttaa erikoisjoukkosotilaan fyysisen toimintakyvyn ylläpitämistä sotaharjoituksen aikana, ja onko kehonkoostumuksella yhteyttä fyysisen toimintakyvyn palautumiseen. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin seerumin kortisoli- ja testosteronipitoisuuksien muutosten yhteyttä kehonkoostumukseen sotaharjoituksen aikana.
Tutkittavina oli 58 varusmiestä Utin jääkärirykmentin laskuvarjojääkärikomppaniasta, jotka osallistuivat asepalvelukseensa kuuluvaan sotaharjoitukseen Lapissa. Tutkittavilta arvioitiin kehonkoostumus ja mitattiin seerumin hormonipitoisuudet ennen sotaharjoitusta, ennen harjoituksen raskainta vaihetta, välittömästi harjoituksen jälkeen sekä 10 päivää harjoituksen jälkeen. Kehonkoostumuksen arviointiin käytettiin bioimpedanssianalyysiä. Lisäksi tutkittavat suorittivat fyysisen toimintakyvyn testit, joihin kuului kevennyshyppy, kuntopallonheitto, vauhditon pituushyppy, lisäpainoleuanveto, vatsalihastesti, evakuointirata sekä ammuntatestit seisten ja maaten. Fyysisen toimintakyvyn testit suoritettiin ennen sotaharjoitusta, välittömästi sen jälkeen sekä 10 päivää harjoituksen jälkeen. Tuloksia verrattiin ryhmittäin alhaisen (<12%, n=29) ja korkean (>12%, n=29) rasvaprosentin mukaan jaoteltuna, minkä lisäksi tarkasteltiin lihasmassan, rasvaprosentin, seerumin hormonipitoisuuksien ja fyysisten toimintakykytestien välisiä yhteyksiä sekä näiden muuttujien käyttäytymistä eri mittausajankohtien välillä.
Korkean rasvaprosentin ryhmän sotilaat menettivät 1,1 kg vähemmän lihasmassaa sotaharjoituksen aikana alhaisen rasvaprosentin ryhmään verrattuna (p<0,001), ja korkeampi rasvaprosentti oli yhteydessä vähäisempään suorituskyvyn laskuun (r=0,31, p<0,05) ja parempaan palautumiseen (r=0,40, p<0,01) evakuointiradalla. Lisäksi vähäisempi lihasmassan lasku oli yhteydessä pienempään suorituskyvyn laskuun evakuointiradalla (r=0,30, p<0,05) ja kevennyshypyssä (r=0,36, p<0,01). Korkeampi rasvaprosentti oli lisäksi yhteydessä vähäisempään testosteronipitoisuuden laskuun harjoituksen aikana (r=0,47, p<0,001). Vaikka korkean rasvaprosentin ryhmä ei suoriutunut alhaisen rasvaprosentin ryhmää paremmin millään fyysisen toimintakykytestien osa-alueella yhdelläkään mittauskerralla, korkeampi rasvaprosentti oli yhteydessä suotuisampiin lihasmassan, testosteronipitoisuuden ja fyysisen toimintakyvyn muutoksiin sotaharjoituksen aikana.
Body composition is known to be closely associated with physical performance with higher fat percentages usually leading to worse physical performance. However, higher fat percentage has also been shown to be associated with smaller losses of muscle mass during energy deficit. This thesis aims to find out whether a higher fat percentage and the preservation of muscle mass can help maintain physical performance in special force soldiers during a demanding winter military field exercise through the preservation of muscle mass. Also, the changes in serum cortisol and testosterone concentrations and their relations to body composition are examined.
58 subjects were recruited from the Utti Jaeger Regiment’s Paratrooper Company. The subjects were taking part to a winter military field exercise (MFE) in Lapland which was a part of their regular military service. Body composition and serum hormone concentrations were measured before the MFE, before the most demanding part of the MFE, after the MFE, and 10 days after the MFE. Body composition was assessed via bioimpedance analysis. The subjects also completed a series of physical performance tests including countermovement jump, medicine ball throw, standing broad jump, weighted chin-ups, sit-ups, evacuation test, and rifle shooting tests standing and prone. The physical tests were done before the MFE, after the MFE, and 10 days after the MFE. The subjects were grouped according to their body fat percentage to low-fat (<12 %) and high-fat (>12 %) groups (n=29 / group). The results were compared between groups and correlations between muscle mass, fat percentage, serum hormone concentrations, and physical test results and their respective changes between different time points were examined.
Soldiers in the low-fat group lost 1,1 kg more muscle mass than the soldiers in the high-fat group (p<0,001) during the MFE, and soldiers’ fat percentage was positively correlated with the changes in performance during the MFE (r=0,31, p<0,05) and the recovery of performance after the MFE (r=0,40, p<0,01) in the evacuation test. In addition, the change in muscle mass was positively correlated with the change in performance in the evacuation test (r=0,30, p<0,05) and the countermovement jump test (r=0,36, p<0,01) during the MFE. Soldiers’ fat percentage was also positively correlated with the changes in serum testosterone concentration (r=0,47, p<0,001) during the MFE. Although the high-fat group could not exceed the performance of the low-fat group in any of the physical performance tests at any time point, higher fat percentage had beneficial effects on changes in muscle mass, physical performance, and testosterone concentration and recovery.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen, Heikki", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Ojanen, Tommi", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Borgenstr\u00f6m, Jere", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2021-12-23T05:39:15Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2021-12-23T05:39:15Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2021", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/79154", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Kehonkoostumuksen tiedet\u00e4\u00e4n olevan yhteydess\u00e4 sotilaiden fyysiseen toimintakykyyn niin, ett\u00e4 korkeampi rasvaprosentti on yhteydess\u00e4 heikompaan fyysiseen toimintakykyyn. Korkeamman rasvaprosentin on kuitenkin havaittu suojaavan lihasmassan v\u00e4henemiselt\u00e4 energiavajeen aikana, ja t\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman ensisijaisena tarkoituksena olikin selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, voiko korkeampi rasvaprosentti ja lihasmassan s\u00e4\u00e4styminen edesauttaa erikoisjoukkosotilaan fyysisen toimintakyvyn yll\u00e4pit\u00e4mist\u00e4 sotaharjoituksen aikana, ja onko kehonkoostumuksella yhteytt\u00e4 fyysisen toimintakyvyn palautumiseen. Lis\u00e4ksi tarkasteltiin seerumin kortisoli- ja testosteronipitoisuuksien muutosten yhteytt\u00e4 kehonkoostumukseen sotaharjoituksen aikana.\nTutkittavina oli 58 varusmiest\u00e4 Utin j\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4rirykmentin laskuvarjoj\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4rikomppaniasta, jotka osallistuivat asepalvelukseensa kuuluvaan sotaharjoitukseen Lapissa. Tutkittavilta arvioitiin kehonkoostumus ja mitattiin seerumin hormonipitoisuudet ennen sotaharjoitusta, ennen harjoituksen raskainta vaihetta, v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeen sek\u00e4 10 p\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4 harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeen. Kehonkoostumuksen arviointiin k\u00e4ytettiin bioimpedanssianalyysi\u00e4. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkittavat suorittivat fyysisen toimintakyvyn testit, joihin kuului kevennyshyppy, kuntopallonheitto, vauhditon pituushyppy, lis\u00e4painoleuanveto, vatsalihastesti, evakuointirata sek\u00e4 ammuntatestit seisten ja maaten. Fyysisen toimintakyvyn testit suoritettiin ennen sotaharjoitusta, v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti sen j\u00e4lkeen sek\u00e4 10 p\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4 harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeen. Tuloksia verrattiin ryhmitt\u00e4in alhaisen (<12%, n=29) ja korkean (>12%, n=29) rasvaprosentin mukaan jaoteltuna, mink\u00e4 lis\u00e4ksi tarkasteltiin lihasmassan, rasvaprosentin, seerumin hormonipitoisuuksien ja fyysisten toimintakykytestien v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 yhteyksi\u00e4 sek\u00e4 n\u00e4iden muuttujien k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4 eri mittausajankohtien v\u00e4lill\u00e4.\nKorkean rasvaprosentin ryhm\u00e4n sotilaat menettiv\u00e4t 1,1 kg v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n lihasmassaa sotaharjoituksen aikana alhaisen rasvaprosentin ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n verrattuna (p<0,001), ja korkeampi rasvaprosentti oli yhteydess\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4isemp\u00e4\u00e4n suorituskyvyn laskuun (r=0,31, p<0,05) ja parempaan palautumiseen (r=0,40, p<0,01) evakuointiradalla. Lis\u00e4ksi v\u00e4h\u00e4isempi lihasmassan lasku oli yhteydess\u00e4 pienemp\u00e4\u00e4n suorituskyvyn laskuun evakuointiradalla (r=0,30, p<0,05) ja kevennyshypyss\u00e4 (r=0,36, p<0,01). Korkeampi rasvaprosentti oli lis\u00e4ksi yhteydess\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4isemp\u00e4\u00e4n testosteronipitoisuuden laskuun harjoituksen aikana (r=0,47, p<0,001). Vaikka korkean rasvaprosentin ryhm\u00e4 ei suoriutunut alhaisen rasvaprosentin ryhm\u00e4\u00e4 paremmin mill\u00e4\u00e4n fyysisen toimintakykytestien osa-alueella yhdell\u00e4k\u00e4\u00e4n mittauskerralla, korkeampi rasvaprosentti oli yhteydess\u00e4 suotuisampiin lihasmassan, testosteronipitoisuuden ja fyysisen toimintakyvyn muutoksiin sotaharjoituksen aikana.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Body composition is known to be closely associated with physical performance with higher fat percentages usually leading to worse physical performance. However, higher fat percentage has also been shown to be associated with smaller losses of muscle mass during energy deficit. This thesis aims to find out whether a higher fat percentage and the preservation of muscle mass can help maintain physical performance in special force soldiers during a demanding winter military field exercise through the preservation of muscle mass. Also, the changes in serum cortisol and testosterone concentrations and their relations to body composition are examined.\n58 subjects were recruited from the Utti Jaeger Regiment\u2019s Paratrooper Company. The subjects were taking part to a winter military field exercise (MFE) in Lapland which was a part of their regular military service. Body composition and serum hormone concentrations were measured before the MFE, before the most demanding part of the MFE, after the MFE, and 10 days after the MFE. Body composition was assessed via bioimpedance analysis. The subjects also completed a series of physical performance tests including countermovement jump, medicine ball throw, standing broad jump, weighted chin-ups, sit-ups, evacuation test, and rifle shooting tests standing and prone. The physical tests were done before the MFE, after the MFE, and 10 days after the MFE. The subjects were grouped according to their body fat percentage to low-fat (<12 %) and high-fat (>12 %) groups (n=29 / group). The results were compared between groups and correlations between muscle mass, fat percentage, serum hormone concentrations, and physical test results and their respective changes between different time points were examined.\nSoldiers in the low-fat group lost 1,1 kg more muscle mass than the soldiers in the high-fat group (p<0,001) during the MFE, and soldiers\u2019 fat percentage was positively correlated with the changes in performance during the MFE (r=0,31, p<0,05) and the recovery of performance after the MFE (r=0,40, p<0,01) in the evacuation test. In addition, the change in muscle mass was positively correlated with the change in performance in the evacuation test (r=0,30, p<0,05) and the countermovement jump test (r=0,36, p<0,01) during the MFE. Soldiers\u2019 fat percentage was also positively correlated with the changes in serum testosterone concentration (r=0,47, p<0,001) during the MFE. Although the high-fat group could not exceed the performance of the low-fat group in any of the physical performance tests at any time point, higher fat percentage had beneficial effects on changes in muscle mass, physical performance, and testosterone concentration and recovery.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2021-12-23T05:39:15Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-23T05:39:15Z (GMT). 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