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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, Elina", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Saikkonen, Pirkko", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2020-06-29T08:13:56Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2020-06-29T08:13:56Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2020", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/70961", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Naisten tiedet\u00e4\u00e4n el\u00e4v\u00e4n miehi\u00e4 kauemmin. Sukupuolieron taustalla vaikuttavan perim\u00e4n, ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n ja elintapojen kokonaisuuden syv\u00e4llisess\u00e4 ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misess\u00e4 on kuitenkin puutteita. Epigeneettisten kellojen avulla voidaan tutkia yksil\u00f6n biologisen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen etenemist\u00e4 ja siihen vaikuttavia tekij\u00f6it\u00e4 DNA:n metyloitumisen perusteella. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 uuden suku-polven epigeneettisen kellon (GrimAge) avulla, n\u00e4kyyk\u00f6 sukupuolten v\u00e4linen ero biologisessa ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisess\u00e4 eli t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tapauksessa epigeneettisess\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisess\u00e4, onko mahdollinen sukupuoliero erilainen nuorilla ja vanhemmilla aikuisilla ja selitt\u00e4v\u00e4tk\u00f6 elintavat epigeneettisen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeuden sukupuolieroa.\nTutkimuksessa k\u00e4ytettiin suomalaisen kaksostutkimuksen osa-aineistoa. Tutkittavia oli yhteens\u00e4 1195 (60 % naisia), joista nuoria aikuisia (22\u02d725 v.) oli 759 ja vanhempia (55\u02d772 v.) 436. Tutkittavien ko-koverin\u00e4ytteest\u00e4 eristetyn DNA:n metylaatiotasoja analysoitiin 450k- tai EPIC-mikrosiruanalyysill\u00e4. Saatu metylaatiodata sy\u00f6tettiin verkossa saatavilla olevaan laskuriin, joka tuotti GrimAge-algoritmilla arviot tutkittavien epigeneettisest\u00e4 i\u00e4st\u00e4 vuosina. Arvio tutkittavien epigeneettisest\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisno-peudesta saatiin lineaarisen regressioanalyysin avulla vertaamalla GrimAge-kellolla laskettua epigeneettist\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4 heid\u00e4n syntym\u00e4ajan perusteella laskettuun kronologiseen ik\u00e4\u00e4ns\u00e4. Lineaarisen regressioanalyysin j\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6s kuvaa tutkittavien biologisen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen tahtia eli epigeneettist\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeutta. Positiivinen j\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6s kertoo epigeneettisen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen olevan kiihtynytt\u00e4 ja negatiivinen j\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6s sen olevan hidastunutta kronologiseen ik\u00e4\u00e4n verrattuna. Alkoholink\u00e4yt\u00f6n, painoindeksin sek\u00e4 tupakoinnin yhteytt\u00e4 tutkittavien epigeneettisess\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeudessa havaittuun sukupuolieroon arvioitiin lineaarisella regressioanalyysill\u00e4. \nNaiset olivat epigeneettiselt\u00e4 i\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4n keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin nuorempia kuin miehet molemmissa ik\u00e4luokissa. Nuorilla sukupuolten v\u00e4linen ero ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeudessa oli 0,77 vuotta (p = 0,001) ja vanhemmilla 3,2 vuotta (p < 0,001). Sukupuolen ja kohortin yhdysvaikutus (sukupuoli*kohortti) epigeneettiseen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeuteen oli tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4, p < 0,001. Sukupuolten v\u00e4liset erot alkoholink\u00e4y-t\u00f6n, painoindeksin ja tupakoinnin osalta olivat tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 molemmissa ik\u00e4luokissa. Naisten elintavat olivat keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin terveellisempi\u00e4 kuin miesten. Elintavoista alkoholink\u00e4ytt\u00f6 selitti nuorten aikuisten sukupuolten v\u00e4list\u00e4 eroa epigeneettisess\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisess\u00e4, mutta painoindeksi tai tupakointi eiv\u00e4t kummassakaan ik\u00e4luokassa. Tupakoinnin yhteys epigeneettisen i\u00e4n vaihteluun oli kuitenkin huomattava.\nNaiset ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyv\u00e4t biologisesti hitaammin kuin miehet GrimAge -epigeneettisell\u00e4 kellolla arvioituna sek\u00e4 varhaisaikuisuudessa ett\u00e4 my\u00f6h\u00e4isess\u00e4 keski-i\u00e4ss\u00e4. Vanhemmilla aikuisilla sukupuoliero epigeneettisess\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeudessa on suurempi kuin nuorilla. Tutkituista elintavoista vain alkoholink\u00e4ytt\u00f6 selitti osittain sukupuolten v\u00e4list\u00e4 eroa epigeneettisess\u00e4 ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisess\u00e4 nuorilla aikuisilla. Tarkasteltujen elintapojen v\u00e4h\u00e4inen ja vain nuorilla havaittu yhteys epigeneettisen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen sukupuolieroihin viittaa siihen, ett\u00e4 sukupuolieroon yhteydess\u00e4 olevat tekij\u00e4t saattavat olla p\u00e4\u00e4osin biologisia. Toisaalta ty\u00f6n poikkileikkausasetelma ja tarkasteltujen elintapojen rajaaminen vain kolmeen rajoittavat pitk\u00e4lle vietyjen johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6sten tekoa.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Women across the world live longer than men, but it is not yet fully understood why. Sex differences in lifespan are suggested to be caused by a complex combination of biological and non-biological factors. Novel biological clocks, i.e. epigenetic clocks, may help to track and understand individual aging process and offer insights into sex differences in biological age and how lifestyle may counter-act aging process. The aim of this Master\u2019s Thesis is to study the sex differences in epigenetic aging of younger and older adults using epigenetic clock GrimAge, and to assess if this sex difference can be explained by the lifestyle factors. \nResearch data originated from the Finnish Twin Cohort. The study sample included 1195 subjects (60 % women), of whom 759 were young (22\u201325 years) and 436 older (55\u201372 years) adults. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples and analyzed by Illumina HumanMethylation 450k or EPIC array. The epigenetic age estimates were calculated from methylation data with a GrimAge algorithm using publicly available online tool. Epigenetic clocks provide an estimate of an individual\u2019s epige-netic age in years. An estimate of the biological aging rate of the subjects was obtained by comparing the epigenetic age to chronological age using linear regression analysis. Positive residual from the linear regression analysis describes accelerated epigenetic aging and negative value indicates that aging is slower compared to the chronological age. The associations of alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), and smoking with sex differences in the epigenetic age acceleration was also assessed using linear regression analysis.\nThe results showed that women were biologically younger than men in both age groups estimated by the epigenetic clock GrimAge. The difference between sexes in epigenetic age acceleration was 0.77 years in younger adults p = 0,001 and 3.2 years in older adults p < 0,001, and sex*cohort interaction was statistically significant p < 0,001. Sex differences in alcohol use, BMI and smoking were ob-served in both age groups. Women\u2019s lifestyles were, on average, healthier than men\u2019s. Alcohol use explained some of the sex differences in epigenetic aging in the younger age group, but neither the BMI nor smoking explained sex differences in either of the age groups. However, smoking explained a substantial amount of variation in epigenetic age acceleration. \nWomen are biologically younger compared to men and the difference is larger at older age. Alcohol use may partly explain the sex difference in biological aging among younger, but not in older sub-jects. Minor associations between sex differences in biological aging and lifestyle factors may sug-gest that the factors influencing the sex gap are mainly biological. However, the cross-sectional na-ture of this study and limited number of lifestyle variables used in analysis prevent strong conclu-sions.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2020-06-29T08:13:56Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2020-06-29T08:13:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2020", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "73", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "biologinen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "epigeneettinen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisnopeus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "epigeneettinen kello", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "GrimAge", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Sukupuolen ja elintapojen yhteys epigeneettiseen ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymiseen", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202006295147", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Gerontologia ja kansanterveys", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Gerontology and Public Health", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "50423", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sukupuoli", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "elintavat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sukupuolierot", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "elinik\u00e4", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": 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