Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms

Introduction. It has been reported that 42 % of exercising women feel that the menstrual cycle negatively affects their performance (Bruinvels et al. 2016). However, athletes must train and compete in each phase of the cycle and manage the possible symptoms associated to the hormonal fluctuation. Th...

Täydet tiedot

Bibliografiset tiedot
Päätekijä: Pesonen, Emilia
Muut tekijät: Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Liikunta- ja terveystieteet, Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylän yliopisto, University of Jyväskylä
Aineistotyyppi: Pro gradu
Kieli:eng
Julkaistu: 2020
Aiheet:
Linkit: https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/69809
_version_ 1828193071815196672
author Pesonen, Emilia
author2 Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences Liikunta- ja terveystieteet Sport and Health Sciences Jyväskylän yliopisto University of Jyväskylä
author_facet Pesonen, Emilia Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences Liikunta- ja terveystieteet Sport and Health Sciences Jyväskylän yliopisto University of Jyväskylä Pesonen, Emilia Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences Liikunta- ja terveystieteet Sport and Health Sciences Jyväskylän yliopisto University of Jyväskylä
author_sort Pesonen, Emilia
datasource_str_mv jyx
description Introduction. It has been reported that 42 % of exercising women feel that the menstrual cycle negatively affects their performance (Bruinvels et al. 2016). However, athletes must train and compete in each phase of the cycle and manage the possible symptoms associated to the hormonal fluctuation. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether the symptoms related to menstrual cycle and/or hormonal contraceptive cycle are associated with physical performance. Methods. The participants were recreationally active women aged 19-37. There were 13 subjects in hormonal contraceptive -group (HC-group) and 16 subjects with normal menstrual cycles in non-hormonal contraceptive group (NHC-group). The study used a cross-sectional research design. The participants completed four identical measurements during different phases of menstrual cycle (1. menstruation 2. follicular 3. ovulation 4. luteal) or hormonal contraceptive cycle (1. withdrawal bleeding 2. first active phase 3. second active phase 4. inactive phase). The measurements consisted of venous blood sample collections and physical performance tests, which included one repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the leg extensor muscles and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test by running. Also, the participants filled a menstrual diary throughout the study, in which they reported the symptoms. The statistical significance was set to p<0.05. Results. Sex hormone fluctuation was more significant among the NHC-group compared to HC-group. VO2max and number of symptoms did not differ between the groups. However, strength performance was statistically significantly higher in NHC-group: 1RM in all the phases and MVC in the third phase. In NHC-group, VO2max was statistically significantly higher during ovulation compared to luteal phase, and number of symptoms was statistically significantly higher in luteal compared to follicular phase. In HC-group the concentration of SHBG, T3 and cortisol were statistically significantly higher compared to NHC-group in all the measurement points. In addition, these hormones were found to correlate with physical performance and number of symptoms. After merging the groups as one, serotonin was found to be inversely associated with number of symptoms whereas serotonin and VO2max were positively associated when regarding the relative changes of the variables between phases 1 and 4. Conclusions. There were several associations found in this thesis. Yet, the relationship between the symptoms and physical performance remains uncertain and needs more investigation.
first_indexed 2020-06-09T20:05:07Z
format Pro gradu
fullrecord [{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Ihalainen, Johanna", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen, Heikki", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Pesonen, Emilia", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2020-06-09T11:51:22Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2020-06-09T11:51:22Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2020", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/69809", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Introduction. It has been reported that 42 % of exercising women feel that the menstrual cycle negatively affects their performance (Bruinvels et al. 2016). However, athletes must train and compete in each phase of the cycle and manage the possible symptoms associated to the hormonal fluctuation. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether the symptoms related to menstrual cycle and/or hormonal contraceptive cycle are associated with physical performance.\n\nMethods. The participants were recreationally active women aged 19-37. There were 13 subjects in hormonal contraceptive -group (HC-group) and 16 subjects with normal menstrual cycles in non-hormonal contraceptive group (NHC-group). The study used a cross-sectional research design. The participants completed four identical measurements during different phases of menstrual cycle (1. menstruation 2. follicular 3. ovulation 4. luteal) or hormonal contraceptive cycle (1. withdrawal bleeding 2. first active phase 3. second active phase 4. inactive phase). The measurements consisted of venous blood sample collections and physical performance tests, which included one repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the leg extensor muscles and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test by running. Also, the participants filled a menstrual diary throughout the study, in which they reported the symptoms. The statistical significance was set to p<0.05.\n\nResults. Sex hormone fluctuation was more significant among the NHC-group compared to HC-group. VO2max and number of symptoms did not differ between the groups. However, strength performance was statistically significantly higher in NHC-group: 1RM in all the phases and MVC in the third phase. In NHC-group, VO2max was statistically significantly higher during ovulation compared to luteal phase, and number of symptoms was statistically significantly higher in luteal compared to follicular phase. In HC-group the concentration of SHBG, T3 and cortisol were statistically significantly higher compared to NHC-group in all the measurement points. In addition, these hormones were found to correlate with physical performance and number of symptoms. After merging the groups as one, serotonin was found to be inversely associated with number of symptoms whereas serotonin and VO2max were positively associated when regarding the relative changes of the variables between phases 1 and 4.\n\nConclusions. There were several associations found in this thesis. Yet, the relationship between the symptoms and physical performance remains uncertain and needs more investigation.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2020-06-09T11:51:22Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2020-06-09T11:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2020", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "98", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202006094052", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Liikuntafysiologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Exercise Physiology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "5011", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "hormonit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "naiset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kuukautiset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sukupuolihormonit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "urheilijat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "raskauden ehk\u00e4isy", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ehk\u00e4isypillerit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "oireet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "hormones", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "women", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "menstruation", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sex hormones", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "athletes", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "contraception", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "contraceptive pills", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "symptoms", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "The author has not given permission to make the work publicly available electronically. Therefore the material can be read only at the archival workstation at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/en/workspaces/facilities).", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Tekij\u00e4 ei ole antanut lupaa avoimeen julkaisuun, joten aineisto on luettavissa vain Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston arkistoty\u00f6semalta. Ks. https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/fi/tyoskentelytilat/laitteet-ja-tilat..", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
id jyx.123456789_69809
language eng
last_indexed 2025-03-31T20:01:30Z
main_date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
main_date_str 2020
publishDate 2020
record_format qdc
source_str_mv jyx
spellingShingle Pesonen, Emilia Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms Liikuntafysiologia Exercise Physiology 5011 hormonit naiset kuukautiset sukupuolihormonit urheilijat raskauden ehkäisy ehkäisypillerit oireet hormones women menstruation sex hormones athletes contraception contraceptive pills symptoms
title Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms
title_full Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms
title_fullStr Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms
title_full_unstemmed Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms
title_short Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception
title_sort menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception associations between hormones physical performance and menstrual cycle related symptoms
title_sub associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms
title_txtP Menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception : associations between hormones, physical performance, and menstrual cycle -related symptoms
topic Liikuntafysiologia Exercise Physiology 5011 hormonit naiset kuukautiset sukupuolihormonit urheilijat raskauden ehkäisy ehkäisypillerit oireet hormones women menstruation sex hormones athletes contraception contraceptive pills symptoms
topic_facet 5011 Exercise Physiology Liikuntafysiologia athletes contraception contraceptive pills ehkäisypillerit hormones hormonit kuukautiset menstruation naiset oireet raskauden ehkäisy sex hormones sukupuolihormonit symptoms urheilijat women
url https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/69809 http://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202006094052
work_keys_str_mv AT pesonenemilia menstrualcycleandhormonalcontraceptionassociationsbetweenhormonesphysicalperforman