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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Avela, Janne", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Merikoski, Veera", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2019-12-18T07:30:12Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2019-12-18T07:30:12Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2019", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/66905", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Taitoharjoitus ja parillinen assosiatiivinen stimulaatio (PAS) aiheuttavat long-term potentiation -kaltaista synaptista plastisuutta (LTP) primaarisella motorisella aivokuorella. Ta\u0308ma\u0308n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia PAS intervention ja motorisen taitoharjoittelun tuottaman plastisuuden yhteytta\u0308 taidon kehittymiseen. Hypoteesina oli, etta\u0308 suurempi PAS:n tai taitoharjoituksen aiheuttama kortikospinaalisen herkkyyden muutos olisi yhteydessa\u0308 taidon oppimiseen. Tutkimukseen rekrytoitiin terveita\u0308 nuoria aikuisia, joilla ei ollut kokemusta jongleerausharjoittelusta (13 henkilo\u0308a\u0308: 4 miesta\u0308, 9 naista). Tutkimuska\u0308ynnit jakautuivat kolmelle viikolle siten, etta\u0308 ensimma\u0308isella\u0308 viikolla toteutettiin PAS tutkimus, toisella viiden kerran mittainen jongleerausharjoitusjakso ja kolmannella retentioharjoitus. PAS interventioon kuului 200 stimulusparia: sa\u0308hko\u0308stimulus (1,5 x MT) annettiin oikeanpuoleiseen keskihermoon kyyna\u0308rtaipeen kohdalta ja 20 ms sen ja\u0308lkeen TMS stimulus (120 %RMT) flexor carpi radialis (FCR) lihaksen alueelle vasemman puoleiselle motoriselle aivokuorelle. Jongleeraustaitoa mitattiin kunkin harjoituksen alussa ja lopussa onnistuneina kiinniottoina per jongleerausyritys (CPA). Yksinkertainen visuaalinen reaktioaikatesti toteutettiin ensimma\u0308isen, viidennen ja retentiomittauskerran alussa. PAS tutkimuskerralla seka\u0308 ensimma\u0308isella\u0308, viidennella\u0308 ja retentiomittauskerralla tehtiin lisa\u0308ksi neurofysiologisia mittauksia, jotka kohdistettiin FCR lihakseen. Motorinen hera\u0308tevaste (MEP) mittaus tehtiin transkraniaalisella magneettistimulaatiolla (TMS) aina ennen (PRE) PAS interventiota tai motorista harjoitusta, sen ja\u0308lkeen (POST) ja 20 minuuttia sen ja\u0308lkeen (POST20). TMS:lla\u0308 mitattiin keskima\u0308a\u0308ra\u0308inen huipusta huippuun MEP amplitudi 100, 110, 120, 130 and 140 % RMT stimulointivoimakkuudella. Motorisen aivokuoren plastisuuden kapasiteetin mittareina ka\u0308ytettiin PAS intervention ja ensimma\u0308isen harjoituksen aiheuttamaa MEP amplitudin muutosta. Maksimaaliset M-aallot mitattiin aina ennen (PRE) ja ja\u0308lkeen (POST) intervention. Tilastollisissa analyyseissa\u0308 ka\u0308ytettiin Wilcoxon merkittyjen sijalukujen testia\u0308, Mann-Whitney U \u2013testia\u0308 ja Spearmanin ja\u0308rjestyskorrelaatiota. Kaikki 13 tutkittavaa kehittyiva\u0308t jongleerauksessa. Heista\u0308 yhdeksa\u0308n saavutti viiden harjoituksen aikana CPA \u2265 4 taitotason, matalimman suoritustason, jota voidaan kutsua jongleeraukseksi. Saavutettu taitotaso sa\u0308ilyi kuuden pa\u0308iva\u0308n tauon aikana ja taitotaso siirtyi myo\u0308s siirtovaikutustestiin, jossa jongleerattiin samaa cascadi-kuviota, mutta eripainoisilla palloilla. Visuaalinen reaktioaika ei parantunut tilastollisesti merkitseva\u0308sti ryhma\u0308na\u0308, mutta yksilo\u0308tasolla kehitysta\u0308 tapahtui osalla. Reaktioajan nopeutuminen oli yhteydessa\u0308 hitaampaan reaktioaikaan alkutesteissa\u0308 seka\u0308 hitaampaan jongleerauksen oppimiseen. MEP amplitudit kasvoivat PAS interventiossa 18% (SD=36, n=13, p=0.28) POST ja 16% (SD=31, n=12, p=0.07) POST20, mutta tulokset eiva\u0308t olleet tilastollisesti merkitsevia\u0308. MEP amplitudit olivat kunkin jongleerausharjoituksen ja\u0308lkeen pienemma\u0308t kuin ennen harjoitusta, mutta palautuivat la\u0308helle la\u0308hto\u0308tilannetta seuraavan 20 minuutin aikana. MEP amplitudin muutos ensimma\u0308isena\u0308 harjoituskertana korreloi negatiivisella kertoimella viidennen harjoituskerran reaktioajan kanssa (n=12, rs=-0.62, p=0.03). Reaktioajan muutos ensimma\u0308isen ja viidennen harjoituskerran va\u0308lilla\u0308 korreloi saman aikava\u0308lin PRE MEP/Mmax amplitudimuutoksen kanssa (n=12, rs=-0.81, p=0.01). Viidella\u0308 henkilo\u0308lla\u0308 MEP amplitudi kasvoi poikkeuksellisesti ensimma\u0308isen harjoituksen ja\u0308lkeen. Lisa\u0308ksi heilla\u0308 reaktioajat nopeutuivat harjoitusviikolla ja he myo\u0308s omasivat nopeimmat reaktioajat viidennella\u0308 harjoituspa\u0308iva\u0308na\u0308.\nTutkimuksessa ei havaittu yhteytta\u0308 PAS:n tai harjoittelun aiheuttaman aivojen plastisuuden ja motorisen taidon oppimisen va\u0308lilla\u0308. Reaktioajan kehittyminen sen sijaan oli yhteydessa\u0308 lyhyen ja pitka\u0308n aikava\u0308lin kortikospinaalisen herkkyyden muutoksiin. Kukin harjoitus aiheutti akuutin kortikospinaalisen herkkyyden pienenemisen, jolla oli yhta\u0308la\u0308isyyksia\u0308 post-exercise depression -vaikutuksen kanssa. Ensimma\u0308inen jongleerausharjoitus saattoi kuitenkin tuottaa LTP -kaltaista motorisen aivokuoren plastisuutta era\u0308illa\u0308 tutkittavilla, joiden visuaalinen reaktioaika parani harjoittelun seurauksena. Jongleerausharjoittelu saattoi aiheuttaa neuroplastisuutta aivoalueilla, mita\u0308 ei ta\u0308ssa\u0308 tutkimuksessa mitattu.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Motor skill training and paired associative stimulation (PAS) are known to induce long-term potentiation -like plasticity in human motor cortex. Magnitude of motor skill training induced plasticity is related to skill learning results. However studies have had difficulties in finding associations between neurostimulation induced plasticity and motor skill training effects. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between PAS and motor training induced neuroplasticity and learning results of a complex perceptual-motor skill. Volunteers were recruited for a three week long study consisting of a PAS measurement session on the first week, 5-day juggling skill training intervention on the second week and a retention session on the third week. Data was analysed from 13 volunteers (men=4, women=9). PAS consisted of 200 stimulus pairs (ISI=20 ms) targeting right flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR): first a stimulus was given to right median nerve (1.5 x MT) after which a TMS stimulus was given to FCR muscle area on contralateral primary motor cortex (120 %RMT). Juggling skill was measured as successful catches per attempt (CPA) PRE and POST each session and on retention and transfer skill tests. Reaction time was tested with simple visual reaction time test on first, fifth and retention training sessions. Neurophysiological measurements were conducted during PAS, fist motor training, fifth motor training and retention motor training sessions. Peak-to-peak MEP amplitudes were measured from FCR muscle area in left motor cortex PRE, after (POST) and 20 minutes after (POST20) PAS and motor training with stimulus intensities 100, 110, 120, 130 and 140 % RMT. Average MEP amplitudes were calculated as mean from all intensities. Maximal M-waves were measured PRE and POST sessions. Capacity for corticospinal plasticity was measured as acute percentage change of peak-to-peak motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude induced by PAS and first motor training session. Statistical analyses were conducted with related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank-order correlation. All participants improved their juggling skill though fours participants did not reach skill acquirement criteria of CPA\u22654 during the five-day intervention. The gain of skill was well retained and the skill transferred to a transfer task. Visual reaction time did not improve as a group but greater improvement correlated with slower initial reaction time and slower juggling skill learning. On average peak-to-peak MEP amplitudes increased right after PAS by 18% (SD=36, n=13, p=0.28) and 20 minutes after by 16% (SD=31, n=12, p=0.07) though effects did not reach statistical significance. First, fifth and retention training sessions induced an acute suppression of MEPs that weakened in 20 minutes after the end of training. Change of MEP amplitudes PRE to POST20 first motor training session correlated negatively with the reaction time on training day 5 (n=12, rs=-0.62, p=0.03). Baseline MEP amplitudes did not change as a group. However an increase of baseline MEP amplitude correlated with negatively with reaction time change from training day 1 to day 5 (n=8, rs=-0.81, p=0.01). Five participants that experienced elevated MEP sizes after 20 minutes from first training session also improved their reaction times and had fastest reaction times on day 5. MEP changes did not correlate with juggling skill development at any point during the study.\nThe differences in learning efficacy were not related to training induced acute or long-term changes of corticospinal excitability. This study did not find any relationship between capacity for corticospinal neuroplasticity and development of a motor skill. In most participants juggling training induced an acute suppression of MEPs similar to post-exercise depression effect that has been typically observed after a session of repetitive motor exercise with no motor learning. Results indicated though, that the first juggling training session might have induced LTP-like motor cortical plasticity in some participants who also improved their visual reaction time. Neuroplasticity may have focused on other brain areas that were not measured in this study, like areas focusing on visual processing and visuomotor planning.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2019-12-18T07:30:12Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-18T07:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2019", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "95", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "paired associative stimulation", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "reaction time", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Relationship between capacity for motor cortical plasticity and learning a complex perceptual-motor skill", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201912185380", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Biomekaniikka", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Biomechanics", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": 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"motoriset taidot", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "motorinen kehitys", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "neuroplastisuus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "aivokuori", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "juggling", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "motor learning", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "motor skills (general)", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "development of motor skills", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": 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