| description |
Johdanto. Urheilijoiden testauksen ja valmennuksen parissa on tärkeää ymmärtää suorituskyvyn vaihtelu päivien välillä. Myös kynnyksiä määritettäessä on tärkeää huomioida eri määritysmenetelmien vahvuudet ja heikkoudet. Anaerobisella kynnyksellä pyritään arvioimaan laktaatin maksimaalista tasapainotilaa eli MLSS (maximal lactate steady state) -tasoa. MLSS-tasolla laktaatin tuotto ja poisto on tasapainossa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli vertailla sykkeen, veren laktaattipitoisuuden, hapenkulutuksen (VO2), hiilidioksidin tuoton (VCO2), RER (respiratory exchange ratio) -arvon ja ventilaation (VE) toistettavuutta anaerobisella kynnyksellä juostussa tasavauhtisessa kuormituksessa ja arvioida K-Lab-määritysmenetelmän toimivuutta anaerobisen kynnyksen määrityksessä.
Menetelmät. Tutkimukseen osallistui 11 mieskestävyysliikkujaa (ikä 32,8 (KH = 6,5) v, pituus 177,5 (3,1) cm, paino 73,6 (5,8) kg ja VO2max 52,9 (4,7) ml/kg/min) ja 14 naiskestävyysliikkujaa (ikä 28,7 (7,7) v, pituus 167,8 (4,6) cm, paino 61,9 (4,3) kg ja VO2max 50,1 (6,3) ml/kg/min). He suorittivat neljä mittauskertaa juoksumatolla neljänä eri päivänä (3–5 vuorokauden välein). Ensimmäisellä mittauskerralla määritettiin VO2max-testistä anaerobinen kynnys K-Lab-ohjelman avulla ja seuraavana kolmena mittauskertana juostiin 30 minuutin tasavauhtinen kuormitus määritetyllä kynnysnopeudella. Kaikissa kuormituksissa mitattiin syke, VO2, VCO2 ja VE koko kuormituksen ajan. Veren laktaattipitoisuus mitattiin VO2max-testissä kolmen minuutin välein ja tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa 10, 15, 20, 25 ja 30 minuutin jälkeen. Juoksumatto pysäytettiin laktaatin oton ajaksi. RPE (rate of perceived exertion) kysyttiin tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa minuutti ennen laktaatin mittausta.
Tulokset. Tutkittavien maksimaalinen nopeus VO2max-testissä oli 16,5 (1,5) km/h (miehet 17,3 (1,5) km/h ja naiset 15,9 (1,2) km/h). Tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa laktaatin variaatiokerroin (CV) kuormitusten välillä oli 13,9 %, RPE:n 4,5 %, VE:n 4,0 %, VCO2:n 3,3 %, VO2:n 3,1 %, RER:n 2,5 % ja sykkeen 1,5 %. Keskiarvoissa ei kuormitusten välillä ollut merkitseviä eroja muuten kuin sykkeessä testin ensimmäisen minuutin kohdalla (p < 0,05), VCO2-pitoisuudessa 19 minuutin kohdalla (p < 0,05) ja RER-arvossa 15 ja 19 minuutin kohdalla (p < 0,05). Tasavauhtisissa MLSS-kuormituksissa laktaatin nousu oli 44 % tutkittavista 0–1 mmol/l, 28 % 1–2 mmol/l, 16 % yli 2 mmol/l ja 12 % tutkittavista laktaatti laski kuormituksen aikana. Anaerobisen kynnyksen laktaatti oli matalampi kuin tasavauhtisen kuormituksen keskiarvolaktaatti (p < 0,001), mutta hapenkulutus ei eronnut tilastollisesti merkitsevästi (p > 0,05).
Pohdinta ja johtopäätökset. Tutkimuksen perusteella syke, VO2 ja RER olivat toistettavimmat muuttujat anaerobisen kynnyksen nopeudella tehdyissä tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa. Veren laktaattipitoisuus oli heikoiten toistettava. Laktaatin nousun määrässä oli hajontaa niin tutkittavien välillä kuin tutkittavan kolmen kuormituksen välillä anaerobisella kynnyksellä tehdyissä tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa. Lisää tutkimusta tarvitaan MLSS:n määrityksessä käytetyn 1 mmol/l nousun rajan kuin MLSS-tason ja K-Labin kynnyksen välisen yhteyden osalta.
Introduction. For sport coaching, it is important to understand the day-to-day variation in physical performance. Also, when determining aerobic and anaerobic thresholds for programming of endurance training, it is crucial to know the strengths and weaknesses of different threshold determination methods. The meaning of the anaerobic threshold determination by incremental maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) test is to evaluate the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). That is the speed/load, when the lactate production and clearance are in equilibrium. The aim of this study was to investigate the day-to-day variation between 30-minute constant velocity running tests at the anaerobic threshold by measuring heart rate, blood lactate concentration, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), RER-value (respiratory exchange value) and ventilation (VE). In addition, accuracy of the newly developed K-Lab method in determining of anaerobic threshold was examined.
Methods. 11 endurance trained male (mean age 32.8 (SD = 6.5) years, height 177.5 (3.1) cm, body mass 73.6 (5.8) kg and VO2max 52.9 (4.7) ml⸱kg-1⸱min-1) and 14 endurance trained female (mean age 28.7 (7.7) years, height 167.8 (4.6) cm, body mass 61.9 (4.3) kg and VO2max 50.1 (6.3) ml⸱kg-1⸱min-1) runners contributed for four tests: VO2max-test followed by three constant velocity 30-minute running tests (3–5 days apart). The anaerobic threshold was determined by K-Lab program in VO2max-test, and the constant velocity tests were run at the velocity of the anaerobic threshold on the treadmill. Heart rate, VO2, VCO2 and VE data were recorded continuously in all four tests. In order to quantify the blood lactate concentration, fingertip blood samples were collected after every three-minutes increments in VO2max-test and after 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th minutes in constant velocity running tests. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was asked one minute before obtaining blood lactate.
Results. Maximal speed in the VO2max-test was 16.5 (1.5) km·h−1 (male 17.3 (1.5) km·h−1 and female 15.9 (1.2) km·h−1). Between constant velocity tests, coefficient of variation (CV) of lactate, RPE, VE, VCO2, VO2, RER and heart rate were 13.9 %, 4.5 %, 4.0 %, 3.3 %, 3.1 %, 2.5 % and 1.5 %, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the constant velocity running tests except for heart rate at the first min (p < 0.05), VCO2 at the 19th min (p < 0.05) and RER at the 15th and 19th min (p < 0.05) of the tests. The mean increase of blood lactate in constant velocity running tests was between 0–1 mmol/l in 44 %, 1–2 mmol/l in 28 %, more than 2 mmol/l in 16 % of participants and lactate decreased in 12 % of participants. VO2 at the anaerobic threshold in the VO2max test and in the constant velocity running tests did not differ (p > 0.05), but the blood lactate was significantly lower at the anaerobic threshold than in the constant velocity tests (p < 0.001).
Discussion and conclusion. This study demonstrated that heart rate, VO2 and RER-value were the most repeatable variables in constant velocity running tests at the predetermined anaerobic threshold. The blood lactate was not as repeatable than heart rate and pulmonary gases. There were between-subject and within-subject variation in the increase of blood lactate in the constant velocity tests. More research is needed about 1 mmol/l limit to determine MLSS and the relationship between MLSS and anaerobic threshold determined by K-Lab program.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Ahtiainen, Juha", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Nummela, Ari", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Kainlauri, Viivi", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2019-12-03T06:16:59Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2019-12-03T06:16:59Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2019", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/66608", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Johdanto. Urheilijoiden testauksen ja valmennuksen parissa on t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4 ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4 suorituskyvyn vaihtelu p\u00e4ivien v\u00e4lill\u00e4. My\u00f6s kynnyksi\u00e4 m\u00e4\u00e4ritett\u00e4ess\u00e4 on t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4 huomioida eri m\u00e4\u00e4ritysmenetelmien vahvuudet ja heikkoudet. Anaerobisella kynnyksell\u00e4 pyrit\u00e4\u00e4n arvioimaan laktaatin maksimaalista tasapainotilaa eli MLSS (maximal lactate steady state) -tasoa. MLSS-tasolla laktaatin tuotto ja poisto on tasapainossa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli vertailla sykkeen, veren laktaattipitoisuuden, hapenkulutuksen (VO2), hiilidioksidin tuoton (VCO2), RER (respiratory exchange ratio) -arvon ja ventilaation (VE) toistettavuutta anaerobisella kynnyksell\u00e4 juostussa tasavauhtisessa kuormituksessa ja arvioida K-Lab-m\u00e4\u00e4ritysmenetelm\u00e4n toimivuutta anaerobisen kynnyksen m\u00e4\u00e4rityksess\u00e4.\nMenetelm\u00e4t. Tutkimukseen osallistui 11 mieskest\u00e4vyysliikkujaa (ik\u00e4 32,8 (KH = 6,5) v, pituus 177,5 (3,1) cm, paino 73,6 (5,8) kg ja VO2max 52,9 (4,7) ml/kg/min) ja 14 naiskest\u00e4vyysliikkujaa (ik\u00e4 28,7 (7,7) v, pituus 167,8 (4,6) cm, paino 61,9 (4,3) kg ja VO2max 50,1 (6,3) ml/kg/min). He suorittivat nelj\u00e4 mittauskertaa juoksumatolla nelj\u00e4n\u00e4 eri p\u00e4iv\u00e4n\u00e4 (3\u20135 vuorokauden v\u00e4lein). Ensimm\u00e4isell\u00e4 mittauskerralla m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin VO2max-testist\u00e4 anaerobinen kynnys K-Lab-ohjelman avulla ja seuraavana kolmena mittauskertana juostiin 30 minuutin tasavauhtinen kuormitus m\u00e4\u00e4ritetyll\u00e4 kynnysnopeudella. Kaikissa kuormituksissa mitattiin syke, VO2, VCO2 ja VE koko kuormituksen ajan. Veren laktaattipitoisuus mitattiin VO2max-testiss\u00e4 kolmen minuutin v\u00e4lein ja tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa 10, 15, 20, 25 ja 30 minuutin j\u00e4lkeen. Juoksumatto pys\u00e4ytettiin laktaatin oton ajaksi. RPE (rate of perceived exertion) kysyttiin tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa minuutti ennen laktaatin mittausta. \nTulokset. Tutkittavien maksimaalinen nopeus VO2max-testiss\u00e4 oli 16,5 (1,5) km/h (miehet 17,3 (1,5) km/h ja naiset 15,9 (1,2) km/h). Tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa laktaatin variaatiokerroin (CV) kuormitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4 oli 13,9 %, RPE:n 4,5 %, VE:n 4,0 %, VCO2:n 3,3 %, VO2:n 3,1 %, RER:n 2,5 % ja sykkeen 1,5 %. Keskiarvoissa ei kuormitusten v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ollut merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja muuten kuin sykkeess\u00e4 testin ensimm\u00e4isen minuutin kohdalla (p < 0,05), VCO2-pitoisuudessa 19 minuutin kohdalla (p < 0,05) ja RER-arvossa 15 ja 19 minuutin kohdalla (p < 0,05). Tasavauhtisissa MLSS-kuormituksissa laktaatin nousu oli 44 % tutkittavista 0\u20131 mmol/l, 28 % 1\u20132 mmol/l, 16 % yli 2 mmol/l ja 12 % tutkittavista laktaatti laski kuormituksen aikana. Anaerobisen kynnyksen laktaatti oli matalampi kuin tasavauhtisen kuormituksen keskiarvolaktaatti (p < 0,001), mutta hapenkulutus ei eronnut tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti (p > 0,05). \nPohdinta ja johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6kset. Tutkimuksen perusteella syke, VO2 ja RER olivat toistettavimmat muuttujat anaerobisen kynnyksen nopeudella tehdyiss\u00e4 tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa. Veren laktaattipitoisuus oli heikoiten toistettava. Laktaatin nousun m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4ss\u00e4 oli hajontaa niin tutkittavien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 kuin tutkittavan kolmen kuormituksen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 anaerobisella kynnyksell\u00e4 tehdyiss\u00e4 tasavauhtisissa kuormituksissa. Lis\u00e4\u00e4 tutkimusta tarvitaan MLSS:n m\u00e4\u00e4rityksess\u00e4 k\u00e4ytetyn 1 mmol/l nousun rajan kuin MLSS-tason ja K-Labin kynnyksen v\u00e4lisen yhteyden osalta.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Introduction. For sport coaching, it is important to understand the day-to-day variation in physical performance. Also, when determining aerobic and anaerobic thresholds for programming of endurance training, it is crucial to know the strengths and weaknesses of different threshold determination methods. The meaning of the anaerobic threshold determination by incremental maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) test is to evaluate the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). That is the speed/load, when the lactate production and clearance are in equilibrium. The aim of this study was to investigate the day-to-day variation between 30-minute constant velocity running tests at the anaerobic threshold by measuring heart rate, blood lactate concentration, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), RER-value (respiratory exchange value) and ventilation (VE). In addition, accuracy of the newly developed K-Lab method in determining of anaerobic threshold was examined. \nMethods. 11 endurance trained male (mean age 32.8 (SD = 6.5) years, height 177.5 (3.1) cm, body mass 73.6 (5.8) kg and VO2max 52.9 (4.7) ml\u2e31kg-1\u2e31min-1) and 14 endurance trained female (mean age 28.7 (7.7) years, height 167.8 (4.6) cm, body mass 61.9 (4.3) kg and VO2max 50.1 (6.3) ml\u2e31kg-1\u2e31min-1) runners contributed for four tests: VO2max-test followed by three constant velocity 30-minute running tests (3\u20135 days apart). The anaerobic threshold was determined by K-Lab program in VO2max-test, and the constant velocity tests were run at the velocity of the anaerobic threshold on the treadmill. Heart rate, VO2, VCO2 and VE data were recorded continuously in all four tests. In order to quantify the blood lactate concentration, fingertip blood samples were collected after every three-minutes increments in VO2max-test and after 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th minutes in constant velocity running tests. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was asked one minute before obtaining blood lactate. \nResults. Maximal speed in the VO2max-test was 16.5 (1.5) km\u00b7h\u22121 (male 17.3 (1.5) km\u00b7h\u22121 and female 15.9 (1.2) km\u00b7h\u22121). Between constant velocity tests, coefficient of variation (CV) of lactate, RPE, VE, VCO2, VO2, RER and heart rate were 13.9 %, 4.5 %, 4.0 %, 3.3 %, 3.1 %, 2.5 % and 1.5 %, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the constant velocity running tests except for heart rate at the first min (p < 0.05), VCO2 at the 19th min (p < 0.05) and RER at the 15th and 19th min (p < 0.05) of the tests. The mean increase of blood lactate in constant velocity running tests was between 0\u20131 mmol/l in 44 %, 1\u20132 mmol/l in 28 %, more than 2 mmol/l in 16 % of participants and lactate decreased in 12 % of participants. VO2 at the anaerobic threshold in the VO2max test and in the constant velocity running tests did not differ (p > 0.05), but the blood lactate was significantly lower at the anaerobic threshold than in the constant velocity tests (p < 0.001). \nDiscussion and conclusion. This study demonstrated that heart rate, VO2 and RER-value were the most repeatable variables in constant velocity running tests at the predetermined anaerobic threshold. The blood lactate was not as repeatable than heart rate and pulmonary gases. There were between-subject and within-subject variation in the increase of blood lactate in the constant velocity tests. More research is needed about 1 mmol/l limit to determine MLSS and the relationship between MLSS and anaerobic threshold determined by K-Lab program.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2019-12-03T06:16:59Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-03T06:16:59Z (GMT). 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