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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Tarkka, Ina", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kujala, Urho", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Marjala, Mika", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2019-10-28T11:12:22Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2019-10-28T11:12:22Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2019", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/66077", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman tavoiteena on tarkastella miten makroravintoaineet ovat yhteydess\u00e4 kardiometabolisiin riskitekij\u00f6ihin fyysisen aktiivisuuden suhteen diskordanteilta kaksospareilla. Aineistona k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston toteuttamaa FITFATTWIN-tutkimusta, jonka osallistujat on valittu v\u00e4est\u00f6pohjaisesta FinnTwin16-kaksoskohorttitutkimuksesta. FITFATTWIN-kaksosaineisto koostuu 23 liikunnallisesti aktiivisemmasta ja 23 liikunnallisesti inaktiivisemmasta kaksosparin j\u00e4senest\u00e4 muodostaen aineston kooksi yhteens\u00e4 46 yksil\u00f6\u00e4. Saatujen tulosten analysoitiin k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n IBM SPSS Statistics 24-ohjelmaa.\n\nVerrattaessa tutkittavien liikuntaharrastuksen volyymia usean muuttujan regressionanalyysill\u00e4 MET-tunti-indeksin avulla tulosten vakioimiseksi liikunnan suhteen tai k\u00e4ytett\u00e4ess\u00e4 parittaisten otosten t-testi\u00e4 ei l\u00f6ydetty tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 tuloksia. Wilcoxon merkittyjen sijalukujen testin mukaan kaksosparin liikunnallisesti aktiivisempi yksil\u00f6 eroaa tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti liikunnan suhteen liikunnallisesti inaktiivisemmasta yksil\u00f6st\u00e4, (p<0,001). Muita tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 tuloksia ei l\u00f6ydetty parien v\u00e4lisiss\u00e4 vertailuissa. Tarkasteltaessa aineistoa yhten\u00e4 kokonaisuutena voidaan raportoida seuraavia tuloksia: hiilihydraatin (p=0.004) ja sakkaroosin (p=0.022) tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4 k\u00e4\u00e4nteinen yhteys LDL/HDL-suhteen kanssa, hiilihydraattien ja triglyseridien v\u00e4linen tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4 k\u00e4\u00e4nteinen yhteys (p=0.024), sek\u00e4 rasvan (p=0.037) ett\u00e4 hiilihydraattien (p=0.020) k\u00e4\u00e4nteinen yhteys LDL-kolesterolin kanssa. \n\nTutkielman p\u00e4\u00e4tulos liikunnan osalta vaikuttaa yhdenmukaiselta aikaisemman tutkimustiedon kanssa. Puolestaan muut p\u00e4\u00e4tulokset vaikuttavat ristiritaiselta suhteutettuna aiempaan tutkimustietoon. Kuitenkin on huomioitava, ettei liikunta-diskordanttien kaksosten aineisto ole optimaalinen t\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman tutkimuskysymyksen perehtymisen kannalta, eik\u00e4 t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkielmassa ole n\u00e4in ollen voitu hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytetty\u00e4 kaksosasetelmaa. N\u00e4m\u00e4 seikat yhdess\u00e4 tutkimushenkil\u00f6iden v\u00e4h\u00e4isen lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n kanssa heikent\u00e4v\u00e4t tulosten yleistett\u00e4vyytt\u00e4 koko v\u00e4est\u00f6\u00e4 koskeviksi ja ovat t\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman heikkouksia. \n\nTutkittaessa kardiometabolisia riskitekij\u00f6it\u00e4 on oleellista erottaa plasman tyydyttyneiden rasvahappojen (SAFA) muodostumisen kaksi eri reitti\u00e4: eksogeeninen (ravinnon mukana tuleva) ja endogeeninen (kehon oma tuotanto). Nautittaessa hiilihydraatteja yli kehon normaalin hapettamiskapasiteetin keho syntetisoi ylim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4isist\u00e4 hiilihydraateista rasvahappoja varastoiden ne triglyseridein\u00e4. T\u00e4st\u00e4 ilmi\u00f6st\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n nimityst\u00e4 de novo lipogeneesi ja se voidaan mitatata plasmasta palmitoelihapon C16:1n-7 lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyv\u00e4n\u00e4 pitoisuutena. Tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet eksogeenisen SAFA:n lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyess\u00e4 plasman SAFA:n m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n v\u00e4hentyv\u00e4n. Puolestaan hiilihydraattien eksogeenisen saannin lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyess\u00e4 on huomattu endogeenisen SAFA:n m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyv\u00e4n plasmassa. \n\nIsokalorinen ruokavalio (v\u00e4h\u00e4rasvainen ja korkeahiilihydraattinen) mahdollistaa plasman triglyseridipitoisuuden nousun. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in keho varastoi muodostuneet triglyseridit ensin isoiksi VLDL-partikkeleiksi metaboloiden ne lopulta pieniksi ja tiiviiksi LDL-partikkeleiksi. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in yli normaalin hapettamiskapasiteetin nautitut hiilihydraatit lis\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t pienten ja tiiviiden LDL-kolesterolipartikkeleiden pitoisuutta plasmassa v\u00e4hent\u00e4en samalla HDL-kolesterolin m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4. T\u00e4ll\u00e4 on vaikutuksensa LDL/HDL-suhteeseen. Verrattuna hiilihydraateihin sakkaroosin kohdalla ilmi\u00f6 toistuu samanlaisena, mutta voimakkaampana. Pienien ja tiiviiden LDL-partikkeleiden on osoitettu v\u00e4hentyv\u00e4n rajoitettaessa eksogeenisen hiilihydraatin saantia riippumatta eksogeenisesta SAFA:n saannista. Puolestaan eksogeeninen SAFA lis\u00e4\u00e4 plasmassa l\u00e4pimitaltaan isojen LDL-partikkeleiden pitoisuutta, joilla ei ole havaittu yht\u00e4 voimakasta yhteytt\u00e4 syd\u00e4n- ja verisuonitauteihin. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in SAFA:n aikaansaama LDL-kolesterolipitoisuuden nousu ei v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 merkitse syd\u00e4n- ja verisuonitautiriskin lis\u00e4\u00e4ntymist\u00e4.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "The purpose of this study is to analyse how macronutrients are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in physical activity discordant twin pairs. Material is based on FITFATTWIN-study, which is implemented by University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, FITFATTWIN-study participants are selected from FinnTwin16 cohort study. The research data consists of 23 more physically active and 23 more inactive twin pairs, making it all together 46 individuals. The statistical analysis has been carried out with IBM SPSS 24-software. \n\nComparing means of more physically active and more inactive twin pairs by using Student\u2019s paired t-test or doing multiple variable regression analysis for exercise standardization with the help of MET-hours index statistically significant results where not found. Instead according to Wilcox Signed Rank test there is a significant difference in physical activity between more physically active and more inactive twin pair individuals (p<0,001). In addition there is no other significant results regarding intrapair comparisons. When it comes to univariate analyses following results can be reported: statistically significant inverse association between LDL/HDL ratio and carbohydrates (p=0.004) and sucrose (p=0.022), statistically significant inverse association between triglyserides and carbohydrates (p=0.024), inverse association between LDL cholesterol and fat (p=0.037) and carbohydrates (p= 0.020).\n\nMain conclusion of the thesis concerning exercise seems to be consistent with the previous research. On the other hand other main findings appear to be inconsistent with the previous research. However, it should be noted that the material of twin discordant twin pairs is not optimal for familiarization with the reasearch question, and thus the used twin arrangement could not be utilized in the thesis. These factors together with the small number of study participants, reduce the generalizability of the results to general population and are weaknesses of this thesis.\n\nWhen studying cardiometabolic risk factors, it is essential to notice difference between two possible ways of accumulation of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) in plasma: exogenous (it comes with nutrition) and endogenous (body\u2019s own production). When carbohydrates are digested over the natural oxidation capacity the body is using excess carbohydrates for fatty acid production and storing fatty acids as triglyserides. This phenomenon is called de novo lipogenesis and can be measured as increased palmitic acid C16:1n-7 concentrations in plasma. Reseach has been shown that when exogenous SAFA increases SAFA concentrations in plasma decreases. In turn when the amount of exogenous carbohydrates increases the endogenous SAFA increaeses as well. \n\nIsocaloric diet (low fat and high carbohydrate) can create an increase in triglyseride concentrations in plasma. First these triglyserides are being restored in form of bigger VLDL particles, thereafter body is metabolising them into small and dence LDL particles. Therefore excess carbohydrates (over the natural oxidation capacity) are increasing small and dence LDL cholesterol concentrations in plasma and decreasing HDL cholesterol concentrations. This impacts LDL/HDL ratio. Compared to carbohydrates sucrose has a similar effect, but with stronger impact. It has been shown that small and dence LDL particle concentrations can be decreased when exogenous carbohydrates intake is restricted regardless of exogenous SAFA intake. In turn exogenous SAFA increases concentrations of large, buoyant LDL particles, which have not been shown to have a strong connection to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, an increase in LDL cholesterol level by SAFA does not necessarily mean an increased risk in cardiovascular disease.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Miia Hakanen (mihakane@jyu.fi) on 2019-10-28T11:12:22Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-28T11:12:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2019", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "54", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "LDL-kolesteroli", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "HDL-kolesteroli", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "LDL/HDL-suhde", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "eksogeeninen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "endogeeninen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Eri makroravintoaineiden yhteydet kardiometabolisiin riskitekij\u00f6ihin plasman lipidi- ja sokeriprofiilissa FITFATTWIN-aineiston pohjalta tarkasteltuna", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201910284639", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikunta- ja terveystieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Liikuntal\u00e4\u00e4ketiede", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Sport Medicine", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "5042", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "fyysinen aktiivisuus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "rasvat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "proteiinit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kolesteroli", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "hiilihydraatit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "riskitekij\u00e4t", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lipidit", "language": null, "element": "subject", 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