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Tässä työssä tutkittiin ns. Enemy Release –hypoteesia invaasiolajien menestyksen selittäjänä. Enemy Release (vihollisista vapautuminen) – hypoteesin mukaan invaasiolajit menestyvät uusilla alueillaan hyvin sen takia, että ne vapautuvat luontaisista vihollisistaan invaasioprosessin aikana, mikä tuo niille kilpailuedun suhteessa alkuperäislajeihin, koska loiset (ja loisten aiheuttamat haitat) esiintyvät vain/runsaampina alkuperäislajeissa. Tutkimuskohteena olivat Unionidae-heimon suursimpukat neljästä järvestä kolmelta eri alueelta –Võrtsjärv Virosta, Nowy Lipsk -järvi Puolasta sekä Mergozzo- ja Varese-järvet Italiasta sekä kahdeksasta referenssijärvestä Suomesta, missä vieraslajeja ei esiinny. Kustakin järvestä kerättiin sekä alkuperäis- että vieraslajeja siten kuin ne kyseisissä järvissä esiintyivät. Alkuperäislajit olivat pikkujärvisimpukka Anodonta anatina (Võrtsjärv, Nowy Lipsk), isojärvisimpukka Anodonta cygnea (Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo,Varese), soukkojokisimpukka Unio pictorum (Võrtsjärv, Nowy Lipsk), sysijokisimpukka Unio tumidus (Nowy Lipsk) ja italialainen jokisimpukka Unio elongatulus (Mergozzo, Varese). Vieraslajit olivat aasiansimpukka Corbicula fluminea (Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo, Varese), kiinalainen simpukka Sinanodonta woodiana (Nowy Lipsk) ja vaeltajasimpukka Dreissena polymorpha (Võrtsjärv). Kutakin lajia pyrittiin keräämään tutkittavaksi 30 kpl/järvi. Löytyneet loistaksoneita oli yhteensä 11: viisi trematoda-lajia (Rhipidocotyle fennica, R. campanula, Cercaria duplicata, Phyllodistomum macrocotyle, Aspidogaster conchicola), harvasukamato Chaetogaster limnaei, surviaissääski Glyptotendipes sp., hankajalkaisäyriäinen Paraergasilus rylovi, aikuiset vesipunkit ja vesipunkkien nuoruusvaiheet vaipassa sekä kiduksissa. Loislajisto, loisittujen yksilöiden osuus (prevalenssi) ja loisten lukumäärä/yksilö (loisinnan intensiteetti) vaihtelivat järvestä toiseen, mutta loislajien lukumäärä ja loislajien prevalenssien summa – molemmat – olivat järvikohtaisesti tarkasteltuna keskimäärin (tilastollisesti merkitsevästi) korkeampia alkuperäislajeilla kuin vieraslajeilla. Loistaksonien lukumäärän keskiarvo (± keskivirhe) oli alkuperäis- ja vieraslajeilla 4.1 ± 0.4 ja 0.9 ± 0.5 taksonia. Loislajien prevalenssien summan keskiarvot olivat vastaavasti 139 ± 12.9 % ja 23 ± 21 %. Esimerkiksi vieraslaji C. fluminea (kolme järveä, n = 117) oli tyystin vapaa loisista. Tulokset tukivat Enemy release –hypoteesia. Referenssiaineisto Suomesta viittasi korkeaan loisprevalenssiin ja loislajiston runsauteen alueella, missä invaasiolajeja ei esiinny. Löydetyt simpukkalajit Suomessa olivat A. anatina, A. cygnea, Pseudanodonta complanata, U. tumidus ja U. pictorum.
Freshwater mussels are regarded as ‘key stone’ species, since their filtration and other activities provide important services in aquatic ecosystems. However, freshwater mussels are facing more and more threats worldwide, one of which is the invasion of alien mussel species – one of the main causes of population declines and extinctions of native freshwater mussels. The aim of this study was to test the Enemy Release Hypothesis – which argues that invaders’ success results from reduced natural enemy attack, for example, parasites, by comparing the parasitism pattern between native and invasive freshwater mussels. Native and invasive mussels were collected from four lakes (Lake Võrtsjärv in Estonia, Lake Nowy Lipsk in Poland, Lake Mergozzo and Lake Varese in Italy) with eight reference lakes from Finland where no invasive mussels occur. Alien species samples included the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea from lakes Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo and Varese, Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana from Lake Nowy Lipsk, and zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha from Lake Võrtsjärv. Native species in this study were the duck mussel Anodonta anatina (Võrtsjärv, Nowy Lipsk), swan mussel Anodonta cygnea (Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo,Varese), painter’s mussel Unio pictorum (Võrtsjärv, Nowy Lipsk), swollen river mussel Unio tumidus (Nowy Lipsk) and Unio elongatulus (Mergozzo, Varese). Parasite species found included 5 digenean trematodes: Rhipidocotyle fennica, R. campanula, Cercaria duplicata, Phyllodistomum macrocotyle, Aspidogaster conchicola; the oligochaete Chaetogaster limnaei, the chironimid Glyptotendipes sp., the ergasilid copepod Paraergasilus rylovi as well as adult and larval water mites, a total of 11 parasite taxa. Number of parasite taxa, prevalences and intensities of infection
varied between lakes and mussel species, but the parasite taxa richness and the sum of prevalences of infection, both were, on average, statistically significantly higher (4 and 6 times higher, respectively) in the native mussels than among the invasive mussels. The average (± s.e.) mean number of parasite taxa in native and invasive mussels were 4.1 ± 0.4 and 0.9 ± 0.5, while the average (± s.e.) mean sum of prevalences were 139.1 ± 12.9 and 22.9 ± 21 %, respectively. For example, the invasive species C. fluminea (three lakes, n = 117) was completely uninfected. Thus, the results indicate that lower parasite load in invasive mussel species compared to the native ones can benefit invasive mussels and therefore contribute to their success. In addition, the reference data from Finland showed high diversity of parasites infection rates (mussel species found were A. anatina, A. cygnea, Pseudanodonta complanata, U. tumidus and U. pictorum) among different species. To conclude, these results support the Enemy Release Hypothesis as a relevant explanation for the success of biological invasions.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Deng, Binglin", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2018-08-15T06:07:41Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2018-08-15T06:07:41Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2018", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/59217", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4ss\u00e4 ty\u00f6ss\u00e4 tutkittiin ns. Enemy Release \u2013hypoteesia invaasiolajien menestyksen selitt\u00e4j\u00e4n\u00e4. Enemy Release (vihollisista vapautuminen) \u2013 hypoteesin mukaan invaasiolajit menestyv\u00e4t uusilla alueillaan hyvin sen takia, ett\u00e4 ne vapautuvat luontaisista vihollisistaan invaasioprosessin aikana, mik\u00e4 tuo niille kilpailuedun suhteessa alkuper\u00e4islajeihin, koska loiset (ja loisten aiheuttamat haitat) esiintyv\u00e4t vain/runsaampina alkuper\u00e4islajeissa. Tutkimuskohteena olivat Unionidae-heimon suursimpukat nelj\u00e4st\u00e4 j\u00e4rvest\u00e4 kolmelta eri alueelta \u2013V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv Virosta, Nowy Lipsk -j\u00e4rvi Puolasta sek\u00e4 Mergozzo- ja Varese-j\u00e4rvet Italiasta sek\u00e4 kahdeksasta referenssij\u00e4rvest\u00e4 Suomesta, miss\u00e4 vieraslajeja ei esiinny. Kustakin j\u00e4rvest\u00e4 ker\u00e4ttiin sek\u00e4 alkuper\u00e4is- ett\u00e4 vieraslajeja siten kuin ne kyseisiss\u00e4 j\u00e4rviss\u00e4 esiintyiv\u00e4t. Alkuper\u00e4islajit olivat pikkuj\u00e4rvisimpukka Anodonta anatina (V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv, Nowy Lipsk), isoj\u00e4rvisimpukka Anodonta cygnea (Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo,Varese), soukkojokisimpukka Unio pictorum (V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv, Nowy Lipsk), sysijokisimpukka Unio tumidus (Nowy Lipsk) ja italialainen jokisimpukka Unio elongatulus (Mergozzo, Varese). Vieraslajit olivat aasiansimpukka Corbicula fluminea (Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo, Varese), kiinalainen simpukka Sinanodonta woodiana (Nowy Lipsk) ja vaeltajasimpukka Dreissena polymorpha (V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv). Kutakin lajia pyrittiin ker\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n tutkittavaksi 30 kpl/j\u00e4rvi. L\u00f6ytyneet loistaksoneita oli yhteens\u00e4 11: viisi trematoda-lajia (Rhipidocotyle fennica, R. campanula, Cercaria duplicata, Phyllodistomum macrocotyle, Aspidogaster conchicola), harvasukamato Chaetogaster limnaei, surviaiss\u00e4\u00e4ski Glyptotendipes sp., hankajalkais\u00e4yri\u00e4inen Paraergasilus rylovi, aikuiset vesipunkit ja vesipunkkien nuoruusvaiheet vaipassa sek\u00e4 kiduksissa. Loislajisto, loisittujen yksil\u00f6iden osuus (prevalenssi) ja loisten lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4/yksil\u00f6 (loisinnan intensiteetti) vaihtelivat j\u00e4rvest\u00e4 toiseen, mutta loislajien lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 ja loislajien prevalenssien summa \u2013 molemmat \u2013 olivat j\u00e4rvikohtaisesti tarkasteltuna keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin (tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti) korkeampia alkuper\u00e4islajeilla kuin vieraslajeilla. Loistaksonien lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n keskiarvo (\u00b1 keskivirhe) oli alkuper\u00e4is- ja vieraslajeilla 4.1 \u00b1 0.4 ja 0.9 \u00b1 0.5 taksonia. Loislajien prevalenssien summan keskiarvot olivat vastaavasti 139 \u00b1 12.9 % ja 23 \u00b1 21 %. Esimerkiksi vieraslaji C. fluminea (kolme j\u00e4rve\u00e4, n = 117) oli tyystin vapaa loisista. Tulokset tukivat Enemy release \u2013hypoteesia. Referenssiaineisto Suomesta viittasi korkeaan loisprevalenssiin ja loislajiston runsauteen alueella, miss\u00e4 invaasiolajeja ei esiinny. L\u00f6ydetyt simpukkalajit Suomessa olivat A. anatina, A. cygnea, Pseudanodonta complanata, U. tumidus ja U. pictorum.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Freshwater mussels are regarded as \u2018key stone\u2019 species, since their filtration and other activities provide important services in aquatic ecosystems. However, freshwater mussels are facing more and more threats worldwide, one of which is the invasion of alien mussel species \u2013 one of the main causes of population declines and extinctions of native freshwater mussels. The aim of this study was to test the Enemy Release Hypothesis \u2013 which argues that invaders\u2019 success results from reduced natural enemy attack, for example, parasites, by comparing the parasitism pattern between native and invasive freshwater mussels. Native and invasive mussels were collected from four lakes (Lake V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv in Estonia, Lake Nowy Lipsk in Poland, Lake Mergozzo and Lake Varese in Italy) with eight reference lakes from Finland where no invasive mussels occur. Alien species samples included the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea from lakes Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo and Varese, Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana from Lake Nowy Lipsk, and zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha from Lake V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv. Native species in this study were the duck mussel Anodonta anatina (V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv, Nowy Lipsk), swan mussel Anodonta cygnea (Nowy Lipsk, Mergozzo,Varese), painter\u2019s mussel Unio pictorum (V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv, Nowy Lipsk), swollen river mussel Unio tumidus (Nowy Lipsk) and Unio elongatulus (Mergozzo, Varese). Parasite species found included 5 digenean trematodes: Rhipidocotyle fennica, R. campanula, Cercaria duplicata, Phyllodistomum macrocotyle, Aspidogaster conchicola; the oligochaete Chaetogaster limnaei, the chironimid Glyptotendipes sp., the ergasilid copepod Paraergasilus rylovi as well as adult and larval water mites, a total of 11 parasite taxa. Number of parasite taxa, prevalences and intensities of infection\nvaried between lakes and mussel species, but the parasite taxa richness and the sum of prevalences of infection, both were, on average, statistically significantly higher (4 and 6 times higher, respectively) in the native mussels than among the invasive mussels. The average (\u00b1 s.e.) mean number of parasite taxa in native and invasive mussels were 4.1 \u00b1 0.4 and 0.9 \u00b1 0.5, while the average (\u00b1 s.e.) mean sum of prevalences were 139.1 \u00b1 12.9 and 22.9 \u00b1 21 %, respectively. For example, the invasive species C. fluminea (three lakes, n = 117) was completely uninfected. Thus, the results indicate that lower parasite load in invasive mussel species compared to the native ones can benefit invasive mussels and therefore contribute to their success. In addition, the reference data from Finland showed high diversity of parasites infection rates (mussel species found were A. anatina, A. cygnea, Pseudanodonta complanata, U. tumidus and U. pictorum) among different species. To conclude, these results support the Enemy Release Hypothesis as a relevant explanation for the success of biological invasions.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2018-08-15T06:07:41Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:07:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\n Previous issue date: 2018", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "36", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Biological invasions", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "ERH", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "parasite load", "language": "", "element": "subject", 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