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Ollonen, Petri (2018). Maastohiihdon Rukan maailmancupin kilpailun 2015 biomekaaninen kilpailuanalyysi. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Biomekaniikan Pro gradu -tutkielma, 97 s.
Maastohiihdon erilaiset kilparadat sekä maailmancupin ja arvokisojen kilpailumaastot haastavat kilpailijoiden fysiologian sekä teknisen ja taktisen osaamisen äärimmilleen. Tässä työssä tutkittiin väliaika-analyysin avulla eliittihiihtäjien vauhdinjakoa ja videoanalyysin avulla heidän ylämäissä suorittamien tekniikanvaihtojen vaikutusta kilpailun lopputuloksiin naisten ja miesten vapaan tekniikan kilpailuissa väliaikalähdöillä. Lisäksi videoanalyysin avulla analysoitiin kilpailijoiden kinemaattisia muuttujia kilpailun aikana kuvatusta videomateriaalista.
Naisten kilpailussa tasaiset ja vaihtelevat maastonkohdat korreloivat kilpailun 30 parhaan hiihtäjän loppuaikojen kanssa eniten (rs = 0,93; p < 0,01), mutta suurimmat nopeuserot tutkimuksen vertailuryhmien (R1: sijat 1–10 lopputuloksissa; R2: sijat 11–30) välillä todettiin nousuosuuksilla (R1: 3,43 ± 0,15 m/s; R2: 3,30 ± 0:05 m/s; p < 0,01). Miehillä suurimmat korrelaatiot kilpailun 30 parhaan hiihtäjän loppuaikojen kanssa todettiin toisen kierroksen nousuosuuksilla (rs = 0,70; p < 0,01) ja myös suurimmat nopeuserot todettiin kilpailun nousuosuuksilla (R1: 3,94 ± 0,09 m/s; R2: 3,82 ± 0,08 m/s; p < 0,01). Molempien kilpailujen voittaja ratkaisi kilpailun nousuosuuksilla. Kilpailijoiden suorituksia videoitiin neljässä eri kilpailun kannalta merkittävässä maastonkohdassa, joista kaksi sijaitsi nousujen päällä ja kaksi nousujen alussa. Kilpailijoiden tekniikanvaihtokohdat vaihtelivat suuresti kilpailijoiden kesken ja korreloivat merkittävästi nopeuden kanssa vain yhdellä kuvauspaikalla (Naiset: r = 0,371, p < 0,01; Miehet: r = 0,389, p < 0,01 ja r = 0,34, p < 0,01).
Tulokset osoittavat kilpailussa hyvin sijoittuneiden maastohiihtäjien tehneen eniten eroa nousuissa verrattuna hitaampiin hiihtäjiin, ja urheilijoiden tekniikan vaihtokohtien merkityksellisyyden todettiin riippuvan tutkituissa maastokohdissa maaston profiilista ja optimaalisen tekniikanvaihtokohdan olevan kullekin urheilijalle yksilöllinen.
Avainsanat: maastohiihto, kilpailuanalyysi, luistelutekniikka, vauhdinjako, tekniikkakuvaus, tekniikan vaihto, syklinpituus, hiihtofrekvenssi.
Ollonen, Petri (2018). A Biomechanical Analysis of a Cross-Country Skiing World Cup Competition at Ruka, Finland 2015. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Master’s thesis in biomechanics, 97 pp.
Considering that all competition tracks are different and the World Cup, World Championship and Olympic level terrains are very demanding, they are setting huge challenges for cross-country skiers’ physiology together with their technical and tactical skills. The purpose of present study was to investigate elite skiers’ pace strategies by conducting a thorough split time analysis and using video analysis to study the influence of the locations of their technique transitions in uphills in women’s and men’s interval start races competed with skating technique. In addition the kinematic variables of the competitors’ were analyzed from the video material that was filmed during the competitions under research.
In the women’s race for the best 30 skiers the correlation with the end times of the race was the highest in easy and undulating terrain (rs = 0,93; p < 0,01), but for the compared groups (R1: places 1–10 in the final results; R2: places 11–30) the biggest differences in speed were observed in the uphills (R1: 3,43 ± 0,15 m/s; R2: 3,30 ± 0:05 m/s; p < 0,01). In the men’s race the highest correlations with the end times of the race were observed in the uphills of the 2nd lap (rs = 0,70; p < 0,01) and also the biggest differences in speed were observed in the uphills (R1: 3,94 ± 0,09 m/s; R2: 3,82 ± 0,08 m/s; p < 0,01). Furthermore the winners of the both investigated race built their gaps in the uphills of the races. The competitors were filmed in four different locations of the competition track that were thought to be important against the competition results. Two of the filming locations were placed on the top of uphills and the other two were placed in the beginning of uphills. The locations of the technique transitions varied very much between the competitors and they correlated with the speed only in one of the selected filming sections out of four (Women: r = 0,371, p < 0,01; Men: r = 0,389, p < 0,01 and r = 0,34, p < 0,01).
The results of the study indicate that the fastest skiers built their gaps mostly in the uphills and the locations of the technique transitions depend on the terrain and vary a lot individually.
Key words: cross-country skiing, competition analysis, skating technique, pace strategy, technique filming, technique transition, cycle length, cycle rate.
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Maastohiihdon Rukan maailmancupin kilpailun 2015 biomekaaninen kilpailuanalyysi. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyva\u0308skyla\u0308n yliopisto, Biomekaniikan Pro gradu -tutkielma, 97 s.\nMaastohiihdon erilaiset kilparadat seka\u0308 maailmancupin ja arvokisojen kilpailumaastot haastavat kilpailijoiden fysiologian seka\u0308 teknisen ja taktisen osaamisen a\u0308a\u0308rimmilleen. Ta\u0308ssa\u0308 tyo\u0308ssa\u0308 tutkittiin va\u0308liaika-analyysin avulla eliittihiihta\u0308jien vauhdinjakoa ja videoanalyysin avulla heida\u0308n yla\u0308ma\u0308issa\u0308 suorittamien tekniikanvaihtojen vaikutusta kilpailun lopputuloksiin naisten ja miesten vapaan tekniikan kilpailuissa va\u0308liaikala\u0308hdo\u0308illa\u0308. Lisa\u0308ksi videoanalyysin avulla analysoitiin kilpailijoiden kinemaattisia muuttujia kilpailun aikana kuvatusta videomateriaalista.\nNaisten kilpailussa tasaiset ja vaihtelevat maastonkohdat korreloivat kilpailun 30 parhaan hiihta\u0308ja\u0308n loppuaikojen kanssa eniten (rs = 0,93; p < 0,01), mutta suurimmat nopeuserot tutkimuksen vertailuryhmien (R1: sijat 1\u201310 lopputuloksissa; R2: sijat 11\u201330) va\u0308lilla\u0308 todettiin nousuosuuksilla (R1: 3,43 \u00b1 0,15 m/s; R2: 3,30 \u00b1 0:05 m/s; p < 0,01). Miehilla\u0308 suurimmat korrelaatiot kilpailun 30 parhaan hiihta\u0308ja\u0308n loppuaikojen kanssa todettiin toisen kierroksen nousuosuuksilla (rs = 0,70; p < 0,01) ja myo\u0308s suurimmat nopeuserot todettiin kilpailun nousuosuuksilla (R1: 3,94 \u00b1 0,09 m/s; R2: 3,82 \u00b1 0,08 m/s; p < 0,01). Molempien kilpailujen voittaja ratkaisi kilpailun nousuosuuksilla. Kilpailijoiden suorituksia videoitiin nelja\u0308ssa\u0308 eri kilpailun kannalta merkitta\u0308va\u0308ssa\u0308 maastonkohdassa, joista kaksi sijaitsi nousujen pa\u0308a\u0308lla\u0308 ja kaksi nousujen alussa. Kilpailijoiden tekniikanvaihtokohdat vaihtelivat suuresti kilpailijoiden kesken ja korreloivat merkitta\u0308va\u0308sti nopeuden kanssa vain yhdella\u0308 kuvauspaikalla (Naiset: r = 0,371, p < 0,01; Miehet: r = 0,389, p < 0,01 ja r = 0,34, p < 0,01).\nTulokset osoittavat kilpailussa hyvin sijoittuneiden maastohiihta\u0308jien tehneen eniten eroa nousuissa verrattuna hitaampiin hiihta\u0308jiin, ja urheilijoiden tekniikan vaihtokohtien merkityksellisyyden todettiin riippuvan tutkituissa maastokohdissa maaston profiilista ja optimaalisen tekniikanvaihtokohdan olevan kullekin urheilijalle yksilo\u0308llinen.\nAvainsanat: maastohiihto, kilpailuanalyysi, luistelutekniikka, vauhdinjako, tekniikkakuvaus, tekniikan vaihto, syklinpituus, hiihtofrekvenssi.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Ollonen, Petri (2018). A Biomechanical Analysis of a Cross-Country Skiing World Cup Competition at Ruka, Finland 2015. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyva\u0308skyla\u0308, Master\u2019s thesis in biomechanics, 97 pp.\nConsidering that all competition tracks are different and the World Cup, World Championship and Olympic level terrains are very demanding, they are setting huge challenges for cross-country skiers\u2019 physiology together with their technical and tactical skills. The purpose of present study was to investigate elite skiers\u2019 pace strategies by conducting a thorough split time analysis and using video analysis to study the influence of the locations of their technique transitions in uphills in women\u2019s and men\u2019s interval start races competed with skating technique. In addition the kinematic variables of the competitors\u2019 were analyzed from the video material that was filmed during the competitions under research.\nIn the women\u2019s race for the best 30 skiers the correlation with the end times of the race was the highest in easy and undulating terrain (rs = 0,93; p < 0,01), but for the compared groups (R1: places 1\u201310 in the final results; R2: places 11\u201330) the biggest differences in speed were observed in the uphills (R1: 3,43 \u00b1 0,15 m/s; R2: 3,30 \u00b1 0:05 m/s; p < 0,01). In the men\u2019s race the highest correlations with the end times of the race were observed in the uphills of the 2nd lap (rs = 0,70; p < 0,01) and also the biggest differences in speed were observed in the uphills (R1: 3,94 \u00b1 0,09 m/s; R2: 3,82 \u00b1 0,08 m/s; p < 0,01). Furthermore the winners of the both investigated race built their gaps in the uphills of the races. The competitors were filmed in four different locations of the competition track that were thought to be important against the competition results. Two of the filming locations were placed on the top of uphills and the other two were placed in the beginning of uphills. The locations of the technique transitions varied very much between the competitors and they correlated with the speed only in one of the selected filming sections out of four (Women: r = 0,371, p < 0,01; Men: r = 0,389, p < 0,01 and r = 0,34, p < 0,01).\nThe results of the study indicate that the fastest skiers built their gaps mostly in the uphills and the locations of the technique transitions depend on the terrain and vary a lot individually.\nKey words: cross-country skiing, competition analysis, skating technique, pace strategy, technique filming, technique transition, cycle length, cycle rate.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Riitta Pitk\u00e4nen (rpitkane@jyu.fi) on 2018-08-01T11:51:54Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T11:51:54Z (GMT). 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