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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Tuhkanen, Tuula", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Myllyniemi Maldonado, Johanna", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2018-06-06T10:14:56Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2018-06-06T10:14:56Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2018", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/58392", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4ss\u00e4 ty\u00f6ss\u00e4 tutkittiin valittujen l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden esiintymist\u00e4 kaupungin reuna-alueiden hydrologisessa kierrossa sek\u00e4 lannoitek\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n tarkoitetussa ihmisvirtsassa Lusakassa, Sambiassa. Ty\u00f6n tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 antibioottien ja antiretroviraalien pitoisuuksia alueen pohjavedess\u00e4, j\u00e4tevesiss\u00e4 ja vastaanottavissa pintavesist\u00f6iss\u00e4 sek\u00e4 kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00f6iss\u00e4 erotellussa virtsassa. P\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n\u00e4 oli my\u00f6s esitt\u00e4\u00e4 suosituksia virtsan lannoitek\u00e4yt\u00f6n j\u00e4rjest\u00e4miseksi ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6riskien v\u00e4hent\u00e4miseksi.\r\nTutkimusalueena oli Lusakan reuna-alueella sijaitseva ep\u00e4virallinen asuinalue Madimba ja sen l\u00e4hiymp\u00e4rist\u00f6. Alueen vesi- ja sanitaatioinfrastruktuuri on puutteellista: viem\u00e4riverkostoa ei ole, ja vaikka vesijohtoverkosto onkin viime vuosina osittain laajentunut alueelle, ottavat useimmat asukkaat yh\u00e4 talousvetens\u00e4 pihoille kaivetuista matalista pohjavesikaivoista. Osa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 pohjavett\u00e4 my\u00f6s juomaveten\u00e4. Kuoppak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4t ovat yleisin sanitaatiomuoto, mik\u00e4 aiheuttaa k\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00f6iden l\u00e4heisyyteen kaivettujen kaivojen saastumista etenkin sadekaudella. Pohjavesi on suuressa osassa Madimbaa hyvin l\u00e4hell\u00e4 maanpintaa, mik\u00e4 tarjoaa m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4llisesti riitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti vett\u00e4, mutta vaarantaa veden laadun saastumisen seurauksena. J\u00e4tevedet lasketaan usein suoraan ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6n tai johdetaan vesist\u00f6ihin ja niit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n my\u00f6s viljelysten kasteluun.\r\nMadimbaan on kehitysyhteisty\u00f6hankkeiden aikana rakennettu erottelevia kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00f6it\u00e4, joista saatua virtsaa ja kiinte\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4j\u00e4tett\u00e4 on ollut tarkoitus k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 erikseen lannoitteena alueen puutarhoissa. Erityisesti virtsan lannoitek\u00e4ytt\u00f6 olisi ravinteiden kierr\u00e4tyksen kannalta j\u00e4rkev\u00e4\u00e4, sill\u00e4 virtsa sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 sopivassa suhteessa kasvien tarvitsemia ravinteita ja sen hygienisointi on yksinkertaista. Virtsaan erittyv\u00e4t l\u00e4\u00e4keainej\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t saattavat kuitenkin ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6n p\u00e4\u00e4stess\u00e4\u00e4n altistaa terveys- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6riskeille, sill\u00e4 niiden on havaittu hajoavan hitaasti, kertyv\u00e4n kasveihin ja aiheuttavan ekotoksikologisia vaikutuksia. K\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4erotellusta virtsasta on kuitenkin mahdollista valmistaa turvallisia lannoitetuotteita k\u00e4sittelem\u00e4ll\u00e4 sit\u00e4 eri menetelmill\u00e4.\r\nAntibiootit ja antiretroviraalit valittiin tutkittaviksi l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiksi, sill\u00e4 niit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n Lusakassa laajalti HIV/AIDS:n sek\u00e4 muiden tautien hoitoon. Joka viides lusakalainen on HIV-positiivinen ja noin 65% heist\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4ivitt\u00e4in HIV-l\u00e4\u00e4kityst\u00e4. Nautitut l\u00e4\u00e4keaineet erittyv\u00e4t suurelta osin virtsaan ja p\u00e4\u00e4tyv\u00e4t sit\u00e4 kautta ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6n joko suoraan kuoppak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00f6ist\u00e4 tai j\u00e4tevesien mukana. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n sek\u00e4 ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6terveyden kannalta huolestuttavaa, sill\u00e4 erityisesti antibioottien on pienin\u00e4kin pitoisuuksina havaittu aiheuttavan paitsi ekotoksikologisia vaikutuksia erityisesti akvaattisille eli\u00f6ille, my\u00f6s mahdollista mikrobil\u00e4\u00e4keresistenssin kehittymist\u00e4. L\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden tehon h\u00e4vi\u00e4minen pakottaisi vaihtamaan kalliimpiin l\u00e4\u00e4kkeisiin vaikuttaen n\u00e4in my\u00f6s HIV:n kanssa el\u00e4vien taloustilanteeseen, mik\u00e4 olisi erityisen ongelmallista siksi, ett\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 ihmiset ovat usein jo valmiiksi haavoittuvaisessa asemassa. L\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden esiintymist\u00e4 ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 on tutkittu teollisuusmaissa paljon, mutta kehittyviss\u00e4 maissa viel\u00e4 suhteellisen v\u00e4h\u00e4n.\r\nL\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden esiintymist\u00e4 tutkittiin ker\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 26 pohjavesin\u00e4ytett\u00e4 tutkimusalueen pohjavesikaivoista, 5 n\u00e4ytett\u00e4 j\u00e4te- ja pintavesist\u00e4 sek\u00e4 10 n\u00e4ytett\u00e4 tutkimusalueen julkisissa kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00f6iss\u00e4 erotellusta virtsasta. N\u00e4ytteet ker\u00e4ttiin kes\u00e4-hein\u00e4kuussa 2016 ja esik\u00e4siteltiin kiinte\u00e4faasiuutolla. Tiivistetyt ja puhdistetut n\u00e4ytteet kuljetettiin Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4\u00e4n, miss\u00e4 ne analysoitiin nestekromatografia-s\u00e4hk\u00f6sumutusionisaatio-tandemmassaspektrometrialla (SPE\u2013LC\u2013ESI\u2013MS/MS). Tutkittavat antibiootit olivat amoksisilliini (AMO), doksisykliini (DOX), norfloksasiini (NOR), siprofloksasiini (CIP), sulfametoksatsoli (SMX), tetrasykliini (TET) ja trimetopriimi (TMP), kun taas tutkittavat antiretroviraalit olivat lamivudiini (3TC), nevirapiini (NVP) ja zidovudiini (ZDV). Aineistoa ker\u00e4ttiin my\u00f6s taustatietolomakkeilla, havainnoinnilla sek\u00e4 haastattelulla.\r\nPohjavesin\u00e4ytteiss\u00e4 havaittiin puolet tutkituista l\u00e4\u00e4keaineista suhteellisen matalina pitoisuuksina. Maksimipitoisuutena havaittiin amoksisilliinia 880 ng litrassa. Sulfametoksatsolia havaittiin yli 42 prosentissa ja nevirapiinia yli 38 prosentissa n\u00e4ytteist\u00e4. Pinta- ja j\u00e4tevesiss\u00e4 pitoisuudet taas olivat huomattavasti korkeampia kuin pohjavedess\u00e4: kaikkia l\u00e4\u00e4keaineita l\u00f6ytyi n\u00e4ytteist\u00e4 ng- tai \u03bcg-luokan pitoisuuksina litrassa. Antibiooteista sulfametoksatsolia mitattiin pintavedest\u00e4 11800 ng/L ja j\u00e4tevedest\u00e4 33300 ng/L. Antiretroviraaleista lamivudiinia havaittiin 49700 ng/L pintavedess\u00e4 ja 232920 ng/L j\u00e4tevedess\u00e4. Useimpien l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden pinta- ja j\u00e4tevesist\u00e4 mitatut pitoisuudet olivat korkeampia kuin aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa raportoidut pitoisuudet ja 100-1000 kertaa korkeampia kuin teollisuusmaissa. Erotellusta virtsasta mitattiin pinta- ja j\u00e4tevesiin verrattuna moninkertaisesti korkeampia pitoisuuksia tutkittuja l\u00e4\u00e4keaineita \u03bcg- ja mg-luokan pitoisuuksina litrassa. Trimetopriimi\u00e4, lamivudiinia ja sulfametoksatsolia l\u00f6ydettiin korkeimpina pitoisuuksina, jotka olivat 12800 \u03bcg/L, 10010 \u03bcg/L ja 7740 \u03bcg/L. Trimetopriimi\u00e4, doksisykliini\u00e4 ja lamivudiinia l\u00f6ytyi kaikista tutkituista virtsan\u00e4ytteist\u00e4 vaihtelevina pitoisuuksina, ja siprofloksasiinia lis\u00e4ksi yhdeks\u00e4st\u00e4 n\u00e4ytteest\u00e4 kymmenest\u00e4.\r\nTulokset viittaavat siihen, ett\u00e4 puutteellinen sanitaatioinfrastruktuuri, tihe\u00e4 asutus ja tartuntatautien yleisyydest\u00e4 johtuva runsas l\u00e4\u00e4kkeidenk\u00e4ytt\u00f6 vaikuttavat l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden korkeaan esiintymiseen Lusakan ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4. Vastaavia tuloksia on saatu my\u00f6s muualta Saharan etel\u00e4puoleisesta Afrikasta. Tutkimusalueella k\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4erotellun virtsan s\u00e4ili\u00f6- ja varastointikapasiteetti eiv\u00e4t tue suositeltua 6 kuukauden varastointiaikaa eik\u00e4 virtsan runsas tuotanto ole tasapainossa kaupunkiviljelyn ravinnetarpeen kanssa. Korkeiden l\u00e4\u00e4kainepitoisuuksien vuoksi k\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4eroteltua virtsaa ei voida suositella k\u00e4ytett\u00e4v\u00e4ksi sellaisenaan lannoitteena, mutta virtsan erottelu ja ker\u00e4\u00e4minen mahdollistaa sen turvallisen loppusijoituksen tai k\u00e4sittelyn lannoitetuotteeksi, josta l\u00e4\u00e4keainej\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4t on puhdistettu ja jonka avulla on mahdollista kehitt\u00e4\u00e4 paikallisia elinkeinoja. T\u00e4rkein keino l\u00e4\u00e4keaineiden ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6n, talousveteen ja ruoantuotantoketjuun p\u00e4\u00e4stess\u00e4\u00e4n aiheuttamien riskien ehk\u00e4isemiseksi on kuitenkin kattavan ja toimivan sanitaatioj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n rakentaminen ja yll\u00e4pito. Erottelevat kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4t mahdollistavat my\u00f6s kest\u00e4v\u00e4n kehityksen periaatteiden mukaisen ravinteiden kierr\u00e4tyksen, mik\u00e4li syklin turvallisuudesta huolehditaan.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in the hydrological cycle of a peri-urban area and in urine determined for fertilizer use was studied in Lusaka, Zambia. The objective of this thesis was to determine the concentrations of antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in groundwater, wastewater, surface water and in source-separated urine. The study area is described by insufficient water and sanitation infrastructure. Antibiotics and antiretrovirals were chosen as the target pharmaceuticals because of their vast usage for treatment of HIV/AIDS and other diseases in Lusaka and because of the potential risks they pose when entering the environment, such as ecotoxicological impacts and antimicrobial resistance.\r\nThe occurrence of the selected pharmaceuticals was investigated by collecting 26 ground-water samples, 5 surface and wastewater samples and 10 samples of source-separated urine. The samples were prepared with solid phase extraction and analyzed with liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The studied antibiotics were amoxicillin (AMO), doxycycline (DOX), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TET) and trimethoprim (TMP), whereas the stud-ied antiretroviral drugs were lamivudine (3TC), nevirapine (NVP) and zidovudine (ZDV). Data was also collected by background information surveys and observation.\r\nThe studied pharmaceuticals were detected in the groundwater samples in relatively low concentrations with a maximum concentration of 880 ng/L of AMO. In surface and wastewater samples all studied pharmaceuticals were detected in the ng or \u03bcg range with SMX detected in surface water at a concentration of 11800 ng/L and in wastewater at 33300 ng/L, whereas the antiretroviral 3TC was detected at 49700 ng/L and 232920 ng/L. The pharmaceuticals were detected from source-separated urine in \u03bcg and mg range with TMP, 3TC and SMX found in the highest concentrations: 12800 \u03bcg/L, 10010 \u03bcg/L and 7740 \u03bcg/L. The results suggest that the high environmental occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Lusaka can be attributed to insufficient sanitation infrastructure and vast usage of medicines consequential to high disease prevalence. The source-separated urine cannot be recommended to be used as a fertilizer, but the collection of the urine would enable safer sanitation and either its appropriate disposal or treatment into fertilizer products.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by Paivi Vuorio (paelvuor@jyu.fi) on 2018-06-06T10:14:56Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T10:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0\r\n Previous issue date: 2018", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "104", "language": "", "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Antibiotics", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Antiretrovirals", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Pharmaceuticals", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Sanitation", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Urine", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Water", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Zambia", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in groundwater, surface water, wastewater and source-separated urine in a peri-urban area of Lusaka, Zambia", "language": "", "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201806063050", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tiede ja -teknologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Environmental science and technology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", 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"language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kuivak\u00e4ym\u00e4l\u00e4t", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kehitysmaat", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "j\u00e4tevesi", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "lannoitteet", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "eloper\u00e4iset lannoitteet", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "nestekromatografia", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sanitation", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "medicines", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "antibiotics", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "toilets", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "urine", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "dry toilets", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "developing countries", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sewage", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "fertilisers", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "organic fertilisers", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "liquid chromatography", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
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