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Ruostekoski, Anni. 2017. Intensiivisen intervalliharjoituksen ja harjoitusympäristön vaikutus aivoperäiseen hermokasvutekijään ja fysiologisiin vasteisiin nuorilla mieshiihtäjillä. Liikuntabiologia, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Liikuntafysiologian Pro Gradu- tutkielma, 64s.
Johdanto. Tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että liikunnalla ja aivojen hyvinvoinnilla on selkeä yhteys. Liikunnan aivoille suotuisten vaikutusten välittäjäaineena näyttää toimivan aivoperäinen hermokasvutekijä (BDNF). Liikunnan on osoitettu akuutisti nostavan veren BDNF- pitoisuutta ja BDNF- pitoisuuden nousu näyttää olevan riippuvainen liikunnan intensiteetistä, sekä taito- vaatimuksista. Myös kortisoli ja IGF-1 saattavat liittyä liikunnan aikaisen BDNF- tuotannon säätelyyn. BDNF- tuotannon näkökulmasta maastohiihto on mielenkiintoinen liikuntamuoto sen fysiologisten ja teknisten vaatimusten vuoksi. Talvisin lajin harrastaminen on pitkälti riippuvainen lumitilanteesta, ja vähälumisten talvien aikana vaihtoehto lumella hiihtämiselle on rullahiihto juoksumatolla. Tämän päivän kehittyneen tekniikan avulla matolla hiihtoon voidaan yhdistää virtuaalinen, oikeaa hiihtoympäristöä matkiva ympäristö. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää intensiivisen harjoituksen vaikutuksia BDNF:ään, IGF-1:seen, kortisoliin ja laktaattiin sekä harjoitusympäristön vaikutusta BDNF:ään. Tarkoituksena oli myös verrata lumella hiihdon ja juoksumatolla virtuaaliympäristössä sekä ilman virtuaaliympäristöä tapahtuvan rullahiihdon fysiologisia vasteita.
Menetelmät. Tutkimuksessa koehenkilöinä toimi yhdeksän kansallisen kärkitason nuorta mieshiihtäjää (KA ± KH: Ikä 18,8 ±1,5 vuotta, paino 72,4 ±4,9 kg, pituus 178,6 ±5,4 cm). Kaikki koehenkilöt suorittivat yhteensä kolme intensiivistä intervalliharjoitusta: Yhden harjoituksen lumella (L) ja kaksi rullahiihtoharjoitusta matolla, yhden virtuaaliympäristössä (V) ja yhden normaalissa ympäristössä (N). Kaikki harjoitukset koostuivat kolmesta intervallista, joiden välissä oli 3 minuutin palautus. Intervallien intensiteetit olivat 70% maksimisykkeestä (LOW), 85-90% maksimisykkeestä (HIGH) ja maksimi (100%, MAX). Nopeudet mattohiihtoihin määritettiin kaikille koehenkilöille yksilöllisesti lumella hiihdettyjen aikojen ja nopeuksien perusteella. Sykettä ja tekniikanvaihtoja mitattiin läpi koko harjoituksen ja laskimoverinäyte otettiin ennen harjoitusta (PRE) sekä jokaisen intervallin jälkeen. Verinäytteestä analysoitiin BDNF, IGF-1, kortisoli sekä laktaatti.
Tulokset. BDNF oli PRE- näytteessä lumiympäristössä merkittävästi korkeampi (23.2 ± 4,8 ng/ml) kuin normaalilla (N) matolla (18.7 ± 5,0 ng/ml). N- matolla BDNF nousi merkitsevästi välillä PRE– HIGH (19. 8 ± 5.7 ng/ml vs. 23.3 5.8 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Kortisoli oli korkeampi lumella PRE- näytteessä verrattuna molempiin mattomittauksiin (N ja V). Lumen ja normaalin maton välillä ero säilyi myös kaikissa intervalleissa (LOW, HIGH, MAX). IGF- nousi lumella merkitsevästi PRE (50.6 ± 12.5 nmol/l) - HIGH (56.4 ± 13.4 nmol/l) välillä ja normaalissa mattoympäristössä PRE (45.8 ± 10.4 nmol/l) – MAX (49.0 ± 10.8 nmol/l) välillä (p < 0.05). IGF-1 arvoissa oli merkitsevä ero lumiympäristön ja molempien mattomittausten välillä kaikissa intervalleissa (LOW, HIGH, MAX). Laktaatti oli MAX-intervallissa merkittävästi korkeampi lumella (13.4 ± 1.7 mmol/l) kuin Virtuaali (8.8 ± 3.7 mmol/l) ja normaalissa mattoympäristössä (7.0 ± 2.7 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Myös syke oli lumella korkeampi MAX- intervallissa (181 ± 8 bpm) kuin virtuaali (172 ± 10 bpm) ja normaaliympäristössä (175 ± 7 bpm, p < 0.05). BDNF:n and IGF-1:n välillä löytyi positiivinen korrelaatio PRE mittauksessa sekä lumella (r=0.81, p<0.05) että normaalimatolla (r=0.69, p<0.05). Kortisolin ja BDNF:n välillä puolestaan löytyi lumella PRE-mittauksessa negatiivinen korrelaatio (r = -0.68, p< 0.05), kun taas BDNF:n ja kortisolin absoluuttisissa muutoksissa löytyi lumella positiivinen korrelaatio PRE- HIGH välillä (r = 0.74, p< 0.05). Tekniikanvaihtoja tehtiin lumella merkittävästi enemmän (LOW: 25 ± 4, HIGH: 26 ± 4 ja MAX 25 ± 5) kuin virtuaaliympäristössä (LOW: 11 ± 2 ,HIGH: 11 ± 2 ja MAX:11 ± 3, p< 0.05) ja normaaliympäristössä (LOW: 9 ± 2, HIGH: 8 ± 1 ja MAX: 8 ± 1, , p< 0.05 ).
Johtopäätökset. Tutkimustulosten mukaan veren BDNF- pitoisuus nousee korkean intensiteetin harjoituksen seurauksena, mutta maksimaalisella intensiteetillä tehty suoritus voi laskea veren BDNF- pitoisuutta. Tutkimuksessa löytyi positiivinen yhteys BDNF:n ja IGF-1:sen välille, kun taas kortisolin ja BDNF:n välille löytyi sekä PRE- mittausten negatiivinen että harjoituksen aikainen positiivinen korrelaatio. Voidaankin todeta, että IGF1 saattaa vaikuttaa positiivisesti BDNF:n sääntelyyn, kun taas kortisolin rooli saattaa vaihdella kortisolitasojen nousuun johtavasta tilanteesta riippuen. Todennäköistä on myös, että kortisoli-BDNF akselin toiminnassa esiintyy yksilöllisiä eroja. Voidaan myös todeta, että maksimaalinen hiihto lumella saattaa olla fysiologisesti kuormittavampaa kuin rullahiihto matolla.
Ruostekoski, Anni. 2017. The effect of intense exercise and exercise environment on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physiologic parameters in young male skiers. Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä. Master’s thesis in Exercise Physiology, 64 pp.
Introduction. A strong connection exist between physical exercise and brain health. The crucial mediator of these benefits seems to be the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Exercise has been shown to acutely increase the amount of circulating BDNF in blood. The amount of the rise of BDNF levels may be exercise- intensity dependent and the skill demands of the performed exercise might also play a role in the amount of BDNF produced. Also other substances, like cortisol and IGF-1, might play a role in BDNF regulation. An interesting sport in the viewpoint of BDNF is Cross country skiing. This sport is demanding both physically and technically. During winter, the practicing of cross country skiing is highly dependent of the weather conditions. During warm winters, one option is training on a treadmill with roller-skis. With the developed technique of today, it is possible to mimic a real race track surrounding in a treadmill environment by using a virtual environment. The aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of BDNF, IGF-1, cortisol (COR) and lactate (LA) in response to a high intensity exercise and the effect of environment on BDNF. The aim was also to compare the physiologic responses of skiing on snow and roller skiing on treadmill with and without a Virtua environment.
Methods. Nine healthy elite-level male skiers volunteered as subjects in the study (mean ± SD age: 18.8 ±1.5 years, weight 72.4 ±4.9 kg, height 178.6 ±5.4 cm). All subjects participated in three training sessions: One skiing session on snow (S) and two roller skiing treadmill sessions, one in normal treadmill environment (NTE) and one in virtual (V) environment. All sessions consisted of three intervals with 4 min rest after each interval. The intensities of the intervals were 70% of HR maximum (LOW), 85-90% of HR maximum (HIGH) and all –out (100%, MAX). The speed of the treadmill in the roller skiing sessions was adjusted individually on the base of the speeds skied on snow. Heart rate (HR) and technique changes were monitored throughout the sessions and venous blood samples were collected before the first (PRE), and directly after every interval. BDNF, IGF-1, COR and LA were analyzed from the blood.
Results. On S, the BDNF values were significantly higher in PRE compared to NTE. In NTE, there was a significant rise in the BDNF between the PRE (19. 8 ± 5.7 ng/ml) and HIGH (23.3 ± 5.8 ng/ml, p < 0.05). COR was higher during S compared with V and NTE in PRE and when compared to NTE also in LOW, HIGH and MAX respectively. For IGF- 1, there was a significant rise from PRE (50.6 ± 12.5 nmol/l) to HIGH (56.4 ± 13.4 nmol/l) on S and from PRE (45.8 ± 10.4 nmol/l) to MAX (49.0 ± 10.8 nmol/l) in NTE. There was a significant difference in the IGF-1 values between every interval (LOW, HIGH and MAX) when comparing the S with both V and NTE. For LA, there was seen a significant difference between the MAX intervals when comparing S (13.4 ± 1.7 mmol/l) with V (8.8 ± 3.7 mmol/l) and NTE (7.0 ± 2.7 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Also HR was higher (p < 0.05) on S in MAX (181 ± 8 bpm) than on V (172 ± 10 bpm) and NTE (175 ± 7 bpm). A positive correlation between BDNF and IGF-1 was found in PRE both on S (r=0.81, p<0.05) and in NTE (r=0.69, p<0.05). For BDNF and COR, a negative correlation was found on S in PRE (r = -0.68, p< 0.05). Furthermore, a positive correlation of absolute changes of BDNF and COR from PRE to HIGH measurements in the snow measurements was found. (r = 0.74, p< 0.05). Also technique changes were significantly more frequent during S in every interval (25 ± 4 in LOW, 26 ± 4 in HIGH and 25 ± 5 in MAX) when compared to V (11 ± 2 in LOW, 11 ± 2 in HIGH and 11 ± 3 in MAX) and NTE (9 ± 2 in LOW, 8 ± 1 in HIGH and 8 ± 1 in MAX).
Conclusion. The main findings of this study were that BDNF is upregulated by high intensity exercise, but maximal intensity exercise might lead to a drop in the concentration of circulating BDNF. On S and NTE, there was found a positive correlation between BDNF and IGF-1 and further on S, both a positive and negative correlation with BDNF and COR. IGF-1 might thus be an upregulator of BDNF and the effect of COR in turn might be condition dependent. Chronic stress causing high COR levels might be negative to brain health and BDNF, but acute stress caused by intense exercise might in turn cause upregulation of BDNF. But it is likely, that there exist also individual differences in the dynamics of these substances. The harmful effect of chronically elevated COR levels in response to intense training periods can possibly be suppressed by IGF-1, since IGF-1 might upregulate BDNF production during intense training periods. Finally, it seems that maximal intensity skiing on snow might be physiologically more demanding than roller skiing on treadmill.
Keywords: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Cortisol, IGF-1, cross country skiing, roller skiing, treadmill, virtual environment, technique changes
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Linnamo, Vesa", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kainulainen, Heikki", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Ruostekoski, Anni", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2018-01-15T07:34:45Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2018-01-15T07:34:45Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2017", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1810571", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/56715", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Ruostekoski, Anni. 2017. Intensiivisen intervalliharjoituksen ja harjoitusymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n vaikutus aivoper\u00e4iseen hermokasvutekij\u00e4\u00e4n ja fysiologisiin vasteisiin nuorilla mieshiiht\u00e4jill\u00e4. Liikuntabiologia, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, Liikuntafysiologian Pro Gradu- tutkielma, 64s. \r\n \r\nJohdanto. Tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, ett\u00e4 liikunnalla ja aivojen hyvinvoinnilla on selke\u00e4 yhteys. Liikunnan aivoille suotuisten vaikutusten v\u00e4litt\u00e4j\u00e4aineena n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 toimivan aivoper\u00e4inen hermokasvutekij\u00e4 (BDNF). Liikunnan on osoitettu akuutisti nostavan veren BDNF- pitoisuutta ja BDNF- pitoisuuden nousu n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 olevan riippuvainen liikunnan intensiteetist\u00e4, sek\u00e4 taito- vaatimuksista. My\u00f6s kortisoli ja IGF-1 saattavat liitty\u00e4 liikunnan aikaisen BDNF- tuotannon s\u00e4\u00e4telyyn. BDNF- tuotannon n\u00e4k\u00f6kulmasta maastohiihto on mielenkiintoinen liikuntamuoto sen fysiologisten ja teknisten vaatimusten vuoksi. Talvisin lajin harrastaminen on pitk\u00e4lti riippuvainen lumitilanteesta, ja v\u00e4h\u00e4lumisten talvien aikana vaihtoehto lumella hiiht\u00e4miselle on rullahiihto juoksumatolla. T\u00e4m\u00e4n p\u00e4iv\u00e4n kehittyneen tekniikan avulla matolla hiihtoon voidaan yhdist\u00e4\u00e4 virtuaalinen, oikeaa hiihtoymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00e4 matkiva ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 intensiivisen harjoituksen vaikutuksia BDNF:\u00e4\u00e4n, IGF-1:seen, kortisoliin ja laktaattiin sek\u00e4 harjoitusymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n vaikutusta BDNF:\u00e4\u00e4n. Tarkoituksena oli my\u00f6s verrata lumella hiihdon ja juoksumatolla virtuaaliymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 sek\u00e4 ilman virtuaaliymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00e4 tapahtuvan rullahiihdon fysiologisia vasteita. \r\n \r\nMenetelm\u00e4t. Tutkimuksessa koehenkil\u00f6in\u00e4 toimi yhdeks\u00e4n kansallisen k\u00e4rkitason nuorta mieshiiht\u00e4j\u00e4\u00e4 (KA \u00b1 KH: Ik\u00e4 18,8 \u00b11,5 vuotta, paino 72,4 \u00b14,9 kg, pituus 178,6 \u00b15,4 cm). Kaikki koehenkil\u00f6t suorittivat yhteens\u00e4 kolme intensiivist\u00e4 intervalliharjoitusta: Yhden harjoituksen lumella (L) ja kaksi rullahiihtoharjoitusta matolla, yhden virtuaaliymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 (V) ja yhden normaalissa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 (N). Kaikki harjoitukset koostuivat kolmesta intervallista, joiden v\u00e4liss\u00e4 oli 3 minuutin palautus. Intervallien intensiteetit olivat 70% maksimisykkeest\u00e4 (LOW), 85-90% maksimisykkeest\u00e4 (HIGH) ja maksimi (100%, MAX). Nopeudet mattohiihtoihin m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin kaikille koehenkil\u00f6ille yksil\u00f6llisesti lumella hiihdettyjen aikojen ja nopeuksien perusteella. Sykett\u00e4 ja tekniikanvaihtoja mitattiin l\u00e4pi koko harjoituksen ja laskimoverin\u00e4yte otettiin ennen harjoitusta (PRE) sek\u00e4 jokaisen intervallin j\u00e4lkeen. Verin\u00e4ytteest\u00e4 analysoitiin BDNF, IGF-1, kortisoli sek\u00e4 laktaatti. \r\n \r\nTulokset. BDNF oli PRE- n\u00e4ytteess\u00e4 lumiymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti korkeampi (23.2 \u00b1 4,8 ng/ml) kuin normaalilla (N) matolla (18.7 \u00b1 5,0 ng/ml). N- matolla BDNF nousi merkitsev\u00e4sti v\u00e4lill\u00e4 PRE\u2013 HIGH (19. 8 \u00b1 5.7 ng/ml vs. 23.3 5.8 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Kortisoli oli korkeampi lumella PRE- n\u00e4ytteess\u00e4 verrattuna molempiin mattomittauksiin (N ja V). Lumen ja normaalin maton v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ero s\u00e4ilyi my\u00f6s kaikissa intervalleissa (LOW, HIGH, MAX). IGF- nousi lumella merkitsev\u00e4sti PRE (50.6 \u00b1 12.5 nmol/l) - HIGH (56.4 \u00b1 13.4 nmol/l) v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ja normaalissa mattoymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 PRE (45.8 \u00b1 10.4 nmol/l) \u2013 MAX (49.0 \u00b1 10.8 nmol/l) v\u00e4lill\u00e4 (p < 0.05). IGF-1 arvoissa oli merkitsev\u00e4 ero lumiymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n ja molempien mattomittausten v\u00e4lill\u00e4 kaikissa intervalleissa (LOW, HIGH, MAX). Laktaatti oli MAX-intervallissa merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti korkeampi lumella (13.4 \u00b1 1.7 mmol/l) kuin Virtuaali (8.8 \u00b1 3.7 mmol/l) ja normaalissa mattoymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 (7.0 \u00b1 2.7 mmol/l, p < 0.05). My\u00f6s syke oli lumella korkeampi MAX- intervallissa (181 \u00b1 8 bpm) kuin virtuaali (172 \u00b1 10 bpm) ja normaaliymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 (175 \u00b1 7 bpm, p < 0.05). BDNF:n and IGF-1:n v\u00e4lill\u00e4 l\u00f6ytyi positiivinen korrelaatio PRE mittauksessa sek\u00e4 lumella (r=0.81, p<0.05) ett\u00e4 normaalimatolla (r=0.69, p<0.05). Kortisolin ja BDNF:n v\u00e4lill\u00e4 puolestaan l\u00f6ytyi lumella PRE-mittauksessa negatiivinen korrelaatio (r = -0.68, p< 0.05), kun taas BDNF:n ja kortisolin absoluuttisissa muutoksissa l\u00f6ytyi lumella positiivinen korrelaatio PRE- HIGH v\u00e4lill\u00e4 (r = 0.74, p< 0.05). Tekniikanvaihtoja tehtiin lumella merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti enemm\u00e4n (LOW: 25 \u00b1 4, HIGH: 26 \u00b1 4 ja MAX 25 \u00b1 5) kuin virtuaaliymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 (LOW: 11 \u00b1 2 ,HIGH: 11 \u00b1 2 ja MAX:11 \u00b1 3, p< 0.05) ja normaaliymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 (LOW: 9 \u00b1 2, HIGH: 8 \u00b1 1 ja MAX: 8 \u00b1 1, , p< 0.05 ). \r\n \r\nJohtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6kset. Tutkimustulosten mukaan veren BDNF- pitoisuus nousee korkean intensiteetin harjoituksen seurauksena, mutta maksimaalisella intensiteetill\u00e4 tehty suoritus voi laskea veren BDNF- pitoisuutta. Tutkimuksessa l\u00f6ytyi positiivinen yhteys BDNF:n ja IGF-1:sen v\u00e4lille, kun taas kortisolin ja BDNF:n v\u00e4lille l\u00f6ytyi sek\u00e4 PRE- mittausten negatiivinen ett\u00e4 harjoituksen aikainen positiivinen korrelaatio. Voidaankin todeta, ett\u00e4 IGF1 saattaa vaikuttaa positiivisesti BDNF:n s\u00e4\u00e4ntelyyn, kun taas kortisolin rooli saattaa vaihdella kortisolitasojen nousuun johtavasta tilanteesta riippuen. Todenn\u00e4k\u00f6ist\u00e4 on my\u00f6s, ett\u00e4 kortisoli-BDNF akselin toiminnassa esiintyy yksil\u00f6llisi\u00e4 eroja. Voidaan my\u00f6s todeta, ett\u00e4 maksimaalinen hiihto lumella saattaa olla fysiologisesti kuormittavampaa kuin rullahiihto matolla.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Ruostekoski, Anni. 2017. The effect of intense exercise and exercise environment on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physiologic parameters in young male skiers. Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Master\u2019s thesis in Exercise Physiology, 64 pp. \r\n \r\nIntroduction. A strong connection exist between physical exercise and brain health. The crucial mediator of these benefits seems to be the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Exercise has been shown to acutely increase the amount of circulating BDNF in blood. The amount of the rise of BDNF levels may be exercise- intensity dependent and the skill demands of the performed exercise might also play a role in the amount of BDNF produced. Also other substances, like cortisol and IGF-1, might play a role in BDNF regulation. An interesting sport in the viewpoint of BDNF is Cross country skiing. This sport is demanding both physically and technically. During winter, the practicing of cross country skiing is highly dependent of the weather conditions. During warm winters, one option is training on a treadmill with roller-skis. With the developed technique of today, it is possible to mimic a real race track surrounding in a treadmill environment by using a virtual environment. The aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of BDNF, IGF-1, cortisol (COR) and lactate (LA) in response to a high intensity exercise and the effect of environment on BDNF. The aim was also to compare the physiologic responses of skiing on snow and roller skiing on treadmill with and without a Virtua environment. \r\n \r\nMethods. Nine healthy elite-level male skiers volunteered as subjects in the study (mean \u00b1 SD age: 18.8 \u00b11.5 years, weight 72.4 \u00b14.9 kg, height 178.6 \u00b15.4 cm). All subjects participated in three training sessions: One skiing session on snow (S) and two roller skiing treadmill sessions, one in normal treadmill environment (NTE) and one in virtual (V) environment. All sessions consisted of three intervals with 4 min rest after each interval. The intensities of the intervals were 70% of HR maximum (LOW), 85-90% of HR maximum (HIGH) and all \u2013out (100%, MAX). The speed of the treadmill in the roller skiing sessions was adjusted individually on the base of the speeds skied on snow. Heart rate (HR) and technique changes were monitored throughout the sessions and venous blood samples were collected before the first (PRE), and directly after every interval. BDNF, IGF-1, COR and LA were analyzed from the blood. \r\n \r\nResults. On S, the BDNF values were significantly higher in PRE compared to NTE. In NTE, there was a significant rise in the BDNF between the PRE (19. 8 \u00b1 5.7 ng/ml) and HIGH (23.3 \u00b1 5.8 ng/ml, p < 0.05). COR was higher during S compared with V and NTE in PRE and when compared to NTE also in LOW, HIGH and MAX respectively. For IGF- 1, there was a significant rise from PRE (50.6 \u00b1 12.5 nmol/l) to HIGH (56.4 \u00b1 13.4 nmol/l) on S and from PRE (45.8 \u00b1 10.4 nmol/l) to MAX (49.0 \u00b1 10.8 nmol/l) in NTE. There was a significant difference in the IGF-1 values between every interval (LOW, HIGH and MAX) when comparing the S with both V and NTE. For LA, there was seen a significant difference between the MAX intervals when comparing S (13.4 \u00b1 1.7 mmol/l) with V (8.8 \u00b1 3.7 mmol/l) and NTE (7.0 \u00b1 2.7 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Also HR was higher (p < 0.05) on S in MAX (181 \u00b1 8 bpm) than on V (172 \u00b1 10 bpm) and NTE (175 \u00b1 7 bpm). A positive correlation between BDNF and IGF-1 was found in PRE both on S (r=0.81, p<0.05) and in NTE (r=0.69, p<0.05). For BDNF and COR, a negative correlation was found on S in PRE (r = -0.68, p< 0.05). Furthermore, a positive correlation of absolute changes of BDNF and COR from PRE to HIGH measurements in the snow measurements was found. (r = 0.74, p< 0.05). Also technique changes were significantly more frequent during S in every interval (25 \u00b1 4 in LOW, 26 \u00b1 4 in HIGH and 25 \u00b1 5 in MAX) when compared to V (11 \u00b1 2 in LOW, 11 \u00b1 2 in HIGH and 11 \u00b1 3 in MAX) and NTE (9 \u00b1 2 in LOW, 8 \u00b1 1 in HIGH and 8 \u00b1 1 in MAX). \r\n \r\nConclusion. The main findings of this study were that BDNF is upregulated by high intensity exercise, but maximal intensity exercise might lead to a drop in the concentration of circulating BDNF. On S and NTE, there was found a positive correlation between BDNF and IGF-1 and further on S, both a positive and negative correlation with BDNF and COR. IGF-1 might thus be an upregulator of BDNF and the effect of COR in turn might be condition dependent. Chronic stress causing high COR levels might be negative to brain health and BDNF, but acute stress caused by intense exercise might in turn cause upregulation of BDNF. But it is likely, that there exist also individual differences in the dynamics of these substances. The harmful effect of chronically elevated COR levels in response to intense training periods can possibly be suppressed by IGF-1, since IGF-1 might upregulate BDNF production during intense training periods. Finally, it seems that maximal intensity skiing on snow might be physiologically more demanding than roller skiing on treadmill. \r\n \r\nKeywords: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Cortisol, IGF-1, cross country skiing, roller skiing, treadmill, virtual environment, technique changes", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Anni Ruostekoski (anhekaru) on 2018-01-15 07:34:44.078958. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). 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