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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Luotonen, Inga", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2017-06-09T05:43:04Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2017-06-09T05:43:04Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2017", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1703925", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/54388", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Introduction. Bodybuilders and fitness competitors are aiming to reduce fat mass and maintain lean \nmass during the competition phase. Low carbohydrate diets compared to low fat diets have claimed to \nbe more effective in weight loss, but the results are still controversial. Low carbohydrate intake and \nhigh protein intake have been reported in bodybuilders during the diet, but the evidence of its \neffectiveness is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of carbohydrate content on \nbody composition during weight loss in female fitness competitors. \nMethods. A total of 50 female subjects participated in this study, 27 were competitors, and 23 were \nweight training stable controls. Twelve of the competitors were followed with relatively low \ncarbohydrate (LC) to high carbohydrate (HC) diets. The HC group included six subjects (mean \u00b1 SD; \nage 27.5 \u00b1 4.4 y, weight 64.8 \u00b1 4.4 kg, and height 1.65 \u00b1 0.03 m), whose carbohydrate intake during \nthe weight loss was set > 145 g/d, and the proportion from the energy less than 7 % decrease from the \nbaseline. The LC group included six subjects (mean \u00b1 SD; age 29 \u00b1 3.3 y, weight 63.9 \u00b1 7.7 kg and \nheight 1.64 \u00b1 0.06 m), and the values for carbohydrate intake during weight loss was < 120g/d, and the \nproportion from the energy at least 10 % decrease from the baseline. Nutritional data was analyzed \nbased on the food diaries by nutrient analysis software (Aivodiet, Flow-team Oy, Oulu, Finland). The \nbody composition was measured at two time points, before the diet and the day after the competition. \nThe body composition was measured by both InBody bioimpedance and Dual Energy X-ray \nabsorptiometry (DXA). Muscle cross sectional area of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and thickness of \ntriceps brachii (TB) muscle was measured using ultrasound. The energy expenditure was calculated by \nactivity diaries as MET-hours and training frequency. \nResults. The energy intake was significantly lower in the LC group than in the HC group during the \ndiet (P=0.002), similarly the absolute carbohydrate intake (P=0.001), per kg body weight (P=0.002) \nand relative (P=0.02) was lower in LC. Protein intake was absolutely (P=0.03) and per kg body weight \n(P=0.04) lower in the LC group. Fat intake decreased slightly in both groups, but the relative intake \ndecreased only in LC (P=0.05). Fat mass decreased in both groups as measured with all methods, but \nthe loss was not significant between the groups. Fat in VL decreased more in the HC group (P=0.006) \ncompared to the LC group (P=0.05), but was not significant between the groups (P=0.47). No \nsignificant change between the groups in fat or thickness of TB was observed. The VL CSA decreased \nin the LC group by 2.8 cm2 (P=0.023) and increased in the HC group by 0.9 cm2 (P=0.25), but the VL \nCSA was greater in the LC group at the baseline (P=0.005). Lean mass slightly increased during the \ndiet in both groups when measured by DXA, but LBM remained unchanged, when measured by \nInBody bioimpedance. \nConclusion. The main finding of the study was that there were no consistent effects between the low \nand high CHO groups in the body composition and muscle or fat size changes. However, there were \nfew differences between the groups. Fat mass decreased in both groups, but the VL CSA decreased \nonly in the LC group compared to the HC group who even managed slightly to increase muscle size in \nfront thighs. The findings support the fact that the energy deficit is the most important thing in weight \nloss rather than macronutrient content. It might be that normal carbohydrate with high protein intake \nwould provide better outcomes in weight loss in female fitness competitors, for sparing muscle size at \nleast in thighs, but the future investigation is needed.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Miia Hakanen (mihakane) on 2017-06-09 05:43:03.618036. Form: Admin-lomake opinn\u00e4ytteiden julkaisuun (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/admin-lomake-opinnaytteet). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =False]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2017-06-09T05:43:04Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201706092759.pdf: 1597811 bytes, checksum: 9bda649978292c98351ce576bb329662 (MD5)\nlicense.html: 107 bytes, checksum: a7d86e598caa500b1b433bbb9dc8ef1c (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T05:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201706092759.pdf: 1597811 bytes, checksum: 9bda649978292c98351ce576bb329662 (MD5)\nlicense.html: 107 bytes, checksum: a7d86e598caa500b1b433bbb9dc8ef1c (MD5)\n Previous issue date: 2017", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (89 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "low carbohydrate", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "high carbohydrate", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "diet", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "fitness", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "fat mass", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "lean mass", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Effects of carbohydrate content on body composition during weight loss in female fitness competitors", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": 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