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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Avela, Janne", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Juutinen, Taija", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Laitinen, Emilia", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2017-05-16T11:12:37Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2017-05-16T11:12:37Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2017", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1701865", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/53968", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Laitinen, E. 2017. Akillesj\u00e4nteen paksuutta m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4v\u00e4t tekij\u00e4t ja lihasarkkitehtuuri vaihde-vuosi-ik\u00e4isill\u00e4 naisilla. Liikuntabiologian laitos, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, biomekaniikan pro gradu -tutkielma, 45 s.\n\nVaihdevuodet ja ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen saavat aikaan lihasvoiman nopean laskun ja t\u00e4m\u00e4 vaikuttaa my\u00f6s toimintakykyyn. Jopa 15-25 % lihasvoimasta voi laskea vaihdevuosien seurauksena. Lihaksen arkkitehtuurisia muuttujia on tutkittu ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymiseen liittyen jonkin verran ja sukupuolihormoneilla uskotaan olevan vahva yhteys lihasvoiman laskuun ik\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen my\u00f6t\u00e4. Estrogeenin ja progesteronin vaikutuksia naisten lihasvoimaan ei viel\u00e4 kattavasti tunneta. Lihaksen toiminnan ja voiman v\u00e4lityksen kannalta t\u00e4rke\u00e4 rakenne on j\u00e4nne. J\u00e4nteet koostuvat tuhansista sylinterin muotoisista kollageenifiibereist\u00e4. Ihmiskehon j\u00e4nteiden koko ja muoto vaihtelevat lihaksen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6tarkoituksen mukaan. Akillesj\u00e4nne on ihmiskehon suurin, vahvin ja paksuin j\u00e4nne. Suurta voimaa tuottavissa lihaksissa j\u00e4nteet ovat lyhyehk\u00f6j\u00e4 ja paksuja kun taas koordinaatiota ja hienomotoriikkaa vaativia liikkeit\u00e4 tuottavissa lihaksissa j\u00e4nteet ovat ohuita ja pitki\u00e4. J\u00e4nteen paksuuteen vaikuttavat muun muassa fyysinen aktiivisuus ja lihasvoima, ylipaino, ik\u00e4 sek\u00e4 hormonitasot. J\u00e4nteen vauriot voivat my\u00f6s aiheuttaa j\u00e4nteen paksuuntumista, mutta t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkimuksessa keskityt\u00e4\u00e4n j\u00e4nteen paksuuteen vaikuttaviin tekij\u00f6ihin terveiss\u00e4 j\u00e4n-teiss\u00e4. \n\nT\u00e4m\u00e4n pro gradu-tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 vaihdevuosi-vaiheessa olevien naisten akillesj\u00e4nteen paksuuteen vaikuttavia tekij\u00f6it\u00e4 sek\u00e4 lihasarkkitehtuuria. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tutkimus oli osana suurta Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston tutkimushanketta, jossa tutkitaan monipuolisesti estrogeenin vaikutusta keski-ik\u00e4isill\u00e4 naisilla. Tutkimuksessa mitattiin 94 vaihdevuosi-vaiheessa olevan naisen (51,6 \u00b1 2,1 vuotta) estrogeenitaso verikokeella sek\u00e4 akillesj\u00e4nteen pituus ja paksuus, kaksoiskantalihaksen pituus, sen lihassyiden pituus ja pennaatiokulma ultra\u00e4\u00e4nikuvantamisen avulla. Tutkittavien fyysist\u00e4 aktiivisuutta mitattiin kiihtyvyysantureilla ja kartoitettiin kyselylomakkeen avulla. Ultra\u00e4\u00e4nikuvat analysoitiin Image J-ohjelmistolla. Mitattujen muuttujien v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 yhteyksi\u00e4 tutkittiin korrelaation ja regressioanalyysin avulla. \nAkillesj\u00e4nteen paksuus vaihdevuosi-ik\u00e4isill\u00e4 naisilla oli keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin 0,53 \u00b1 0,06 cm. Estrogeenitason keskiarvo ja vaihteluv\u00e4li tutkittavilla oli keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin 0,27 \u00b1 0,21 nmol/L. Nilkan ojentajalihasten maksimivoiman keskiarvo ja vaihteluv\u00e4li oli 780 \u00b1 223 N. Subjektiivisesti arvioitu fyysinen aktiivisuusluokka tutkittavilla oli keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin 3,5. Yli kolmannes (40,4 %) tutkittavista ilmoitti liikkuvansa 3\u20135 kertaa viikossa jonkin verran hikoillen ja heng\u00e4styen. Vain 3,2 % tutkittavista ilmoitti liikkuvansa vain sen verran, ett\u00e4 p\u00e4ivitt\u00e4iset toiminnot tulevat hoidettua. Kiihtyvyysanturilla mitatun fyysisen aktiivisuuden m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 keskittyy kevyeen fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen. Kevytt\u00e4 fyysist\u00e4 aktiivisuutta tutkittavilla oli keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin 297 \u00b1 82 minuuttia, keskiraskasta fyysist\u00e4 aktiivisuutta 46 \u00b1 28 minuuttia ja raskasta fyysist\u00e4 aktiivisuutta 7 \u00b1 10 minuuttia mittarin p\u00e4\u00e4ll\u00e4oloajasta. Regressioanalyysin perusteella akillesj\u00e4nteen paksuutta vaihdevuosi-ik\u00e4isill\u00e4 naisilla m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4v\u00e4t estrogeenitaso (r=-0,307, p=0,004) sek\u00e4 subjektiivisesti arvioitu fyysinen aktiivisuus (r=0,231, p=0,027). Hypoteesin vastaisesti nilkan ojentajalihasten lihasvoiman ja akillesj\u00e4nteen paksuuden v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ei ollut yhteytt\u00e4. Ristiriitaan vaikuttanee tarkkuuden vaihtelu mittausvaiheessa, mittaajien v\u00e4liset erot sek\u00e4 analysoinnin tarkkuus. Aiempi tutkimustieto osoittaa, ett\u00e4 akillesj\u00e4nteen paksuuteen vaikuttavat fyysinen aktiivisuus, estrogeenitaso sek\u00e4 lihasvoima. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkimuksessa tulokset olivat yhtenev\u00e4t kahden edell\u00e4 mainitun muuttujan osalta, mutta lihasvoiman ja akillesj\u00e4nteen paksuuden v\u00e4lilt\u00e4 ei l\u00f6ydetty yhteytt\u00e4.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Laitinen, E. 2017. Variables determining Achilles tendon thickness and muscle architecture in menopausal women. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Master\u2019s Thesis in biomechanics, 45 pp.\nMenopause and aging cause rapid decrease in muscle strength. As much as 15\u201325 % decrease in muscle strength may occur caused by menopause. Muscle architectural changes related to aging has been studied a fair bit and it is believed that the sex hormones have a strong rela-tionship with decrease of muscle strength during aging. However it is not well known how estrogen and progesteron effect on muscle strength. Tendon is an important structure to enable muscle function and force production. Tendons consist of thousands of cylindrical bundles of collagen fibers. Size and shape of human tendons vary depending on the use of the muscles. Achilles tendon is the largest, strongest and thickest tendon in human body. Usually muscles that produce the highest forces have thick and short tendons. Conversely muscles used in coordination and high motor functions have thin and long tendons. Variables effecting on tendon thickness are for example physical activity and muscle strength, obesity, age and hormonal levels. \n\nThe aim of this master\u2019s thesis was to study Achilles tendon thickness and muscle architecture in menopausal women. Main goal was to find the variables to determine the thickness of Achilles tendon. This study was a part of a larger study concerning on estrogen effects in menopausal women. There were 94 menopausal (51,6 \u00b1 2,1 years) women in this study. Their estrogen level was tested by blood tests. Achilles tendon length, -thickness, gastrocnemius muscle length, gastrocnemius fascicle length and pennation angle were studied in ultrasonog-raphy measurements. Also subjects\u2019 physical activity was measured with accelerometers. The ultrasound images were analyzed with Image J- program and the results were documented on excel-chart. The correlations between measured variables were tested in statistical analysis and also regression analysis was processed. \nThe thickness of Achilles tendon in menopausal women was 0,53 \u00b1 0,06 cm. Estrogen level was 0,27 \u00b1 0,21 nmol/L in average. Physical activity level was reported to be 3,5 in average. Over one third (40,4 %) of the subjects reported physical activity that causes sweating and breathlessness 3\u20135 times a week. Only 3,2 % of the subjects reported only the amount that allows them to complete the daily tasks. Accelerometer data in most of the subjects is mainly light physical activity. Light physical activity was recorded 297 \u00b1 82 minutes on average, moderate physical activity 46 \u00b1 28 minutes and vigorous physical activity 7 \u00b1 10 minutes of the accelerometer wearing time. The main outcome of the study is that Achilles tendon thick-ness is determined by estrogen level (r=-0,307, p=0,004) and subjectively estimated physical activity (r=0,231, p=0,027). Against the hypothesis there were no connection between muscle force in plantar flexor muscles and Achilles tendon thickness. Contrary may be explained by fluctuation in measuring practice and analysis. We have to take into account also inter-researcher variability. Previous studies show that physical activity, estrogen level and muscle force effect on Achilles tendon thickness. In this research the results are similar with physical activity and estrogen level. However there was no relationship with muscle force and Achilles tendon thickness.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Emilia Laitinen (anemlait) on 2017-05-16 11:12:37.161164. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). 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