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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Liukkonen, Jarmo", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Schmid, Jan Oliver", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2017-03-22T10:58:23Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2017-03-22T10:58:23Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2017", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1688068", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/53345", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Schmid, J. 2017. Itsem\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4misteorian empiirinen testaaminen nuorilla huippuj\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoilijoilla. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, Liikuntapedagogiikan pro gradu -tutkielma, 78 s., 8 liitett\u00e4.\r\n\r\nTutkimuksen tarkoitus oli testata itsem\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4misteorian (IMT; Ryan & Deci 2017) ekologista validiteettia suomalaisten B-SM huippuj\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoilijoiden keskuudessa. Yhten\u00e4 tavoitteena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 pelaajien psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4minen ja j\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoharrastukseen liittyv\u00e4n motivaation eri muodot sek\u00e4 heid\u00e4n viihtymisens\u00e4 ja intentionsa tasot. Toisena tavoitteena oli tarkastella psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4misen, motivaation eri ulottuvuuksien, viihtymisen ja intention v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 yhteyksi\u00e4. Koska tutkimuksessa k\u00e4ytetty suomenkielinen psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4misen mittari sek\u00e4 suomenkielinen liikuntamotivaatiomittari eiv\u00e4t ole tulleet aiemmin k\u00e4ytetyiksi suomalaisessa nuorisourheilukontekstissa, oli tutkimuksen kolmantena tavoitteena testata n\u00e4iden mittareiden validiteettia ja reliabiliteettia.\r\n\r\nAineiston keruu tapahtui syksyll\u00e4 2013. Tutkimukseen osallistujat (n=265) olivat 14-17 -vuotiaita, suurin osin vuonna 1996 syntyneit\u00e4 j\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoilijoita Suomen B-SM sarjan 12:sta liiga-joukkueorganisaatioiden joukkueista. Liikuntamotivaatiomittarina k\u00e4ytettiin Professori Jarmo Liukkosen asiantuntijaryhmineen suomenkieliseksi k\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4 ja j\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoon sopivaksi muokkaamaa Pelletierin ym. (2013) Sport Motivation Scale II - mittaria. Pelaajien psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4minen mitattiin Professori Liukkosen asiantuntijaryhmineen suomenkieliseksi k\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 sek\u00e4 urheiluharjoituksiin sopivaksi muokkaamalla Gagn\u00e9n (2003) Basic Need Satis-faction in General Scale - mittarilla. Pelaajien viihtymist\u00e4 harjoituksissa mitattiin Scanlanin (1993) Enjoyment in Sport -mittarin suomenkielisell\u00e4 versiolla, jonka nelj\u00e4 v\u00e4itt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4 Taruvuori ja Parkkola (2015) yhdess\u00e4 Professori Liukkosen kanssa muokkasivat j\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoharjoituksiin sopiviksi. Pelaajien intentiota mitattiin kolmella v\u00e4itt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4, jotka Taruvuori ja Parkkola (2015) muokkasivat suomenkieliseksi perustuen Ajzenin (1991) teoriaan intentiosta: Theory of Planned Behavior. Mittareiden luotettavuutta analysoitiin eksploratiivisen faktorianalyysin, Cronbachin alfa -kertoimen ja Pearsonin tulomomenttikorrelaation avulla. Sek\u00e4 psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4misen mittarin ett\u00e4 liikuntamotivaatiomittarin faktorivaliditeetti ei vastannut t\u00e4ysin niiden teoreettista rakennetta. Psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4misen mittarin koettu autonomia- aladimension reliabiliteetti oli alhainen, mink\u00e4 vuoksi se j\u00e4tettiin analyyseist\u00e4 pois.\r\n\r\nPelaajat kokivat harjoituksissa sek\u00e4 korkeaa sosiaalista yhteenkuuluvuutta ett\u00e4 p\u00e4tevyytt\u00e4. Sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden kokemukset olivat kuitenkin korkeampia. Pelaajien motivaatiossa korostui harjoituksissa eniten sis\u00e4inen motivaatio ja identifioitu s\u00e4\u00e4tely ja he viihtyiv\u00e4t varsin hyvin harjoituksissa. Pelaajilla oli keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin my\u00f6s vahva intentio jatkaa pelaamista aktiivisesti. Koettu sosiaalinen yhteenkuuluvuus ja p\u00e4tevyys olivat tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti yhteydess\u00e4 korkeaan sis\u00e4iseen motivaatioon sek\u00e4 alhaiseen ulkoiseen s\u00e4\u00e4telyyn ja amotivaatioon. Koettu p\u00e4tevyys oli perustarpeista kaikkiin motivaatiomuotoihin n\u00e4hden eniten yhteydess\u00e4 oleva tekij\u00e4. Voimakkaimmin viihtymist\u00e4 ennustivat positiivisesti sis\u00e4inen motivaatio sek\u00e4 sosiaalinen yhteenkuuluvuus ja negatiivisesti amotivaatio. My\u00f6s pakotettu s\u00e4\u00e4tely korreloi viihtymiseen positiivisesti tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti. Korkea kontrolloidun motivaation taso ei osoittautunut esteeksi viihtymiselle, jos samaan aikaan my\u00f6s autonominen motivaatio oli korkealla tasolla. Amotivaatio oli vahvin intentioon vaikuttava motivaation muoto ja yhteys oli negatiivinen. Perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4minen ennusti positiivisesti motivaation korkeampaa autonomisuustasoa, joka vuorostaan oli positiivisesti yhteydess\u00e4 sek\u00e4 viihtymiseen ett\u00e4 intentioon.\r\n\r\nTutkimuksen tulokset tukivat IMT:n ekologista validiteettia suomalaisten nuorten huippuj\u00e4\u00e4kiekkoilijoiden keskuudessa. Psykologisten perustarpeiden tyydytt\u00e4misen mittarin ja liikuntamotivaatiomittarin luotettavussongelmiin liittyen olisi kuitenkin tarpeellista muokata kyseiset mittarit niiden validiteetin ja reliabiliteetin parantamiseksi ja testata IMT:aa optimoiduilla mittareilla viel\u00e4 edelleen.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Schmid, J. 2017. Empirical testing of the Self-Determination Theory among youth elite ice hockey players. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Master\u2019s thesis, 78 pp., 8 appendices.\r\n\r\nThe aim of this study was to test the ecological validity of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci 2017) among Finnish top level junior ice hockey players. The first goal of the study was to investigate the satisfaction of the players\u2019 basic psychological needs and their lev-els of different types of motivation regarding training as well as their levels of enjoyment during training and their intention to continue playing in the future. The second goal was to examine the connections between the players\u2019 need satisfaction, different types of motivation, enjoyment and intention. Since the Finnish versions of the Basic Need Satisfaction Scale and the Sport Mo-tivation Scale, which were used in this study, haven\u00b4t been applied before in the context of Finn-ish youth sport, the third goal of the study was to test the validity and the reliability of these scales.\r\n\r\nThe data for the study was collected in spring 2013. The study\u2019s participants (n=265) were 14-17-year-old Finnish top level junior ice hockey players from 12 clubs of the highest Finnish B-Junior Hockey League. The players were mainly born in 1996. The players\u2019 sport motivation was measured with a Finnish version of the Sport Motivation Scale II (Pelletier et al. 2013), which Professor Jarmo Liukkonen and a team of experts translated from English to Finnish and adapted to ice hockey practices. The players\u2019 need satisfaction was measured with a Finnish version of the Basic Need Satisfaction in General Scale (Gagn\u00e9 2003), which Professor Liukko-nen and a team of experts also translated from English to Finnish and transformed to ice hockey practices. The measurement of the players\u2019 enjoyment level was carried out with a Finnish ver-sion of Scanlan\u00b4s (1993) Enjoyment Scale, whose 4 items were adapted to ice hockey practices by Taruvuori and Parkkola (2015) with the help of Professor Liukkonen. The players\u2019 intention was analysed using 3 items, which Taruvuori and Parkkola (2015) modified based on the Theo-ry of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen 1991). The validity and reliability of all scales were tested through factor analysis, Cronbach\u2019s Alpha coefficients and Pearson\u2019s product-moment correla-tion. The factor validity of the Basic Need Satisfaction Scale as well as the factor validity of the Sport Motivation Scale, didn\u00b4t respond fully to their theoretical structure. The reliability of the Basic Need Satisfaction Scale\u2019s autonomy- sub-dimension was low, for which reason this par-ticular sub-dimension was excluded from the analyses.\r\n\r\nThe players perceived high levels of social relatedness and competence. Their experiences of social relatedness were nevertheless higher. The players\u2019 motivation for training consisted most-ly of intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. Overall, the players expressed high levels of enjoyment and displayed high levels of intention. Perceived social relatedness and competence were found to be correlated with high intrinsic motivation, low external regulation and low amo-tivation. Perceived competence was the strongest predictor for all types of motivation. Intrinsic motivation and perceived social relatedness had the strongest positive impact on enjoyment. Introjected regulation had a weaker yet still significant positive correlation with enjoyment. Amotivation had the strongest negative influence on enjoyment. A high level of controlled moti-vation did not appear to have a negative influence on enjoyment, as long as a strong autono-mous motivation was also present. Of all types of motivation, amotivation exhibited the strong-est (negative) influence on intention. Satisfaction of basic needs predicted a higher level of au-tonomous motivation, which in turn was positively correlated to enjoyment and intention.\r\n\r\nThe ecological validity of the SDT among Finnish junior top level ice hockey players was well supported by the results of this study. Nonetheless, it is necessary to further optimize the Basic Need Satisfaction Scale and the Sport Motivation Scale to overcome the problems with the factor validities of these scales and then retest the SDT based on these optimizations to check for fur-ther reliability improvements.\r\n\r\nKey words: youth, ice hockey, self-determination theory, psychological basic needs, autono-mous motivation, controlled motivation, enjoyment, intention", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Jan Schmid (jaolschm) on 2017-03-22 10:58:22.977182. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). 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"value": "j\u00e4\u00e4kiekko", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "itsem\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4misteoria", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "psykologiset perustarpeet", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "autonominen motivaatio", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kontrolloitu motivaatio", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "viihtyminen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "intentio", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": 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