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Haverinen, Mikko (2017). Jalkojen voima, iskun voima ja melonnan ajoitus nuorilla ja kokeneilla melojilla melontaergometrissa. Liikuntabiologia, Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyväskylän yliopisto. Biomekaniikan Pro gradu -tutkielma, 63 s.
Melonta on monipuolinen laji, jossa urheilijalta vaaditaan kestävyysominaisuuksia, hyvää voimantuottoa ja teknisiä ominaisuuksia. Melonnassa eteenpäinvievä voima tuotetaan melan iskun avulla, ja iskun voima on tärkeä tekijä onnistuneessa melontasuorituksessa sen vaikuttaessa kajakin kiihtyvyyteen ja täten menestykseen kilpailuissa. Melontasuorituksessa voimantuotto aloitetaan jalkatyöllä, ja voima välitetään keskivartalon avulla ylävartalolle iskun suorittamista varten. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää nuorten melojien sekä kokeneempien ja menestyksekkäämpien melojien välisiä biomekaanisia eroja ergometrimelonnassa maksimaalisen, 40 sekunnin suorituksen aikana iskun voiman, jalkatyön voiman ja melonnan ajoituksen osalta. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin melontasuorituksen eri muuttujien, erityisesti jalkatyön ja iskun voiman välisiä yhteyksiä.
Tutkimukseen osallistui 9 koehenkilöä. Heidät jaettiin kahteen ryhmään: kokeneisiin (K, N=5), jotka olivat maajoukkue -tai haastajaryhmän melojia (ikä 22,8 ± 2,5 vuotta) ja nuoriin (N, N=4), jotka olivat akatemiamelojia (ikä 16 ± 1,8 vuotta). Koehenkilöt suorittivat maksimaalisen 40 sekunnin suorituksen melontargometrissa. Jalkatyön ja iskun voimaa mitattiin voima-antureilla. Suorituksista analysoitiin iskujen lukumäärä, iskun ja jalkatyön maksimivoimat ja impulssit, iskujen kokonaisimpulssi ja aikaerot iskun ja jalktyön voimantuoton alkujen välillä (Int_Fstart) sekä iskun ja jalkatyön maksimivoimantuoton välillä (Int_Fpeak). Tulosten perusteella iskujen lukumäärä (K: 83,6 ± 2,5 iskua/40s ja N: 70,3 ± 5,4 iskua/40s, p = 0,002), iskun maksimivoima (K: 272, 8 ± 27,5 N ja N: 198,1 ± 35,5 N, p = 0,009) sekä iskujen kokonaisimpulssi 40 sekunnin suorituksen aikana (K: 3949 ± 105 Ns ja N: 2918 ± 222 Ns, p = 0,001) olivat merkitsevästi suuremmat kokeneiden ryhmällä. Jalkatyön impulssi (N: 197,4 ± 35,5 Ns ja K: 154,7 ± 13,7 Ns, p = 0,028) ja Int_Fstart (N: 0,093 ± 0,015 s ja K: 0,047 ± 0,026 s, p = 0,017) olivat merkitsevästi suuremmat nuorten ryhmällä. Int_Fstart:n ja iskujen lukumäärän (r = -0,906, p = 0,001) sekä Int_Fstart:n ja iskujen kokonaisimpulssin (r = -0,693, p = 0,039) välille löytyi merkitsevä negatiivinen korrelaatio koko otoksella. Jalkatyön ja iskun voimamuuttujien välille ei löytynyt merkitseviä korrelaatioita.
Tutkimuksen tärkeimmät johtopäätökset olivat: 1) Nuoret melojat häviävät kokeneille melojille iskun maksimivoimantuotossa. 2) Jalkatyön huippuvoima tai impulssi ei niinkään ole ratkaiseva tekijä suuremman iskun voiman saavuttamisessa, vaan vähempikin voimantuotto riittää. 3) Nuorten melojien Int_Fstart oli pidempi, mikä saattaa vaikuttaa negatiivisesti iskutiheyteen. Jalkatyön voimantuoton aikaisempi aloitus nuorilla ei myöskään auttanut suuremman iskun voiman saavuttamisessa. 4) Iskujen lukumäärä sekä iskujen kokonaisimpulssi olivat suuremmat kokeneilla melojilla, mikä kertoo suorituksen paremmasta kokonaistehosta.
Haverinen, Mikko (2017). Leg Force, Stroke Force and Timing of Paddling in Experienced and Young Paddlers on a Kayak Ergometer. Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä. Master's thesis, 63p.
Kayak paddling is a diverse sport demanding endurance characteristics, force production and technical skills. In kayak paddling the force is produced by forward stroke and it is an important factor in succesful paddling performance as it contributes to kayak's acceleration and, thus, to the success in competition. In kayak paddling the force production is started by leg work and the force is transmitted by trunk to upper body to perform the stroke. The purpose of this study was to find out the biomechanical differences in 40-second maximal kayak ergometer performance between experienced and young paddlers. Also connections between different variables in kayak paddling performance were studied.
Nine subjects took part of this study. They were divided into two groups: experienced paddlers (E, N=5), who were paddling at national team level or at challenge group level (age 22,8 ± 2,5 years) and young paddlers (Y, N=4), who were academy level paddlers (age 16 ± 1,8 years). The subjects performed a maximal 40-second test in the kayak ergometer. The forces were measured with force transducers. Stroke rate, maximal forces and impulses of the stroke and the leg work, a total impulse of the strokes, a time interval between the start of leg and stroke force production (Int_Fstart) and a time interval between the maximal value of leg and stroke force (Int_Fpeak) were analysed. Sroke rate (E: 83,6 ± 2,5 strokes/40s and Y: 70,3 ± 5,4 strokes/40s, p = 0,002), peak stroke force (E: 272, 8 ± 27,5 N and Y: 198,1 ± 35,5 N, p = 0,009) and total stroke impulse in 40second performance (E: 3949 ± 105 Ns and Y: 2918 ± 222 Ns, p = 0,001) were significantly greater with the group of experienced paddlers. Leg impulse (Y: 197,4 ± 35,5 Ns and E: 154,7 ± 13,7 Ns, p = 0,028) and Int_Fstart (Y: 0,093 ± 0,015 s and E: 0,047 ± 0,026 s, p = 0,017) were significantly greater with the group of young paddlers. Significant negative correlations were found between Int_Fstart and stroke rate (r = -0,906, p = 0,001) and between Int_Fstart and total stroke impulse (r = -0,693, p = 0,039). There were no significant correlations between the leg force and the stroke force variables.
Main conclusions of this study were: 1) Experienced paddlers had better peak stroke force production. 2) The peak force or the impulse of leg work is not crucial factor to achieve high stroke force. 3) Int_Fstart of the young paddlers was longer which may affect negatively to the stroke rate. Also the early timing of the leg work with young paddlers did not help them to achieve greater stroke force or impulse than experienced paddlers. 4) Stroke rate and the total stroke impulse were greater with the experienced paddlers which indicates better total power of the performance.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Linnamo, Vesa", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Haverinen, Mikko", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2017-03-20T14:17:49Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2017-03-20T14:17:49Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2017", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1685414", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/53316", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Haverinen, Mikko (2017). Jalkojen voima, iskun voima ja melonnan ajoitus nuorilla ja kokeneilla melojilla melontaergometrissa. Liikuntabiologia, Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto. Biomekaniikan Pro gradu -tutkielma, 63 s.\nMelonta on monipuolinen laji, jossa urheilijalta vaaditaan kest\u00e4vyysominaisuuksia, hyv\u00e4\u00e4 voimantuottoa ja teknisi\u00e4 ominaisuuksia. Melonnassa eteenp\u00e4inviev\u00e4 voima tuotetaan melan iskun avulla, ja iskun voima on t\u00e4rke\u00e4 tekij\u00e4 onnistuneessa melontasuorituksessa sen vaikuttaessa kajakin kiihtyvyyteen ja t\u00e4ten menestykseen kilpailuissa. Melontasuorituksessa voimantuotto aloitetaan jalkaty\u00f6ll\u00e4, ja voima v\u00e4litet\u00e4\u00e4n keskivartalon avulla yl\u00e4vartalolle iskun suorittamista varten. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 nuorten melojien sek\u00e4 kokeneempien ja menestyksekk\u00e4\u00e4mpien melojien v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 biomekaanisia eroja ergometrimelonnassa maksimaalisen, 40 sekunnin suorituksen aikana iskun voiman, jalkaty\u00f6n voiman ja melonnan ajoituksen osalta. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin melontasuorituksen eri muuttujien, erityisesti jalkaty\u00f6n ja iskun voiman v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 yhteyksi\u00e4.\nTutkimukseen osallistui 9 koehenkil\u00f6\u00e4. Heid\u00e4t jaettiin kahteen ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n: kokeneisiin (K, N=5), jotka olivat maajoukkue -tai haastajaryhm\u00e4n melojia (ik\u00e4 22,8 \u00b1 2,5 vuotta) ja nuoriin (N, N=4), jotka olivat akatemiamelojia (ik\u00e4 16 \u00b1 1,8 vuotta). Koehenkil\u00f6t suorittivat maksimaalisen 40 sekunnin suorituksen melontargometrissa. Jalkaty\u00f6n ja iskun voimaa mitattiin voima-antureilla. Suorituksista analysoitiin iskujen lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4, iskun ja jalkaty\u00f6n maksimivoimat ja impulssit, iskujen kokonaisimpulssi ja aikaerot iskun ja jalkty\u00f6n voimantuoton alkujen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 (Int_Fstart) sek\u00e4 iskun ja jalkaty\u00f6n maksimivoimantuoton v\u00e4lill\u00e4 (Int_Fpeak). Tulosten perusteella iskujen lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 (K: 83,6 \u00b1 2,5 iskua/40s ja N: 70,3 \u00b1 5,4 iskua/40s, p = 0,002), iskun maksimivoima (K: 272, 8 \u00b1 27,5 N ja N: 198,1 \u00b1 35,5 N, p = 0,009) sek\u00e4 iskujen kokonaisimpulssi 40 sekunnin suorituksen aikana (K: 3949 \u00b1 105 Ns ja N: 2918 \u00b1 222 Ns, p = 0,001) olivat merkitsev\u00e4sti suuremmat kokeneiden ryhm\u00e4ll\u00e4. Jalkaty\u00f6n impulssi (N: 197,4 \u00b1 35,5 Ns ja K: 154,7 \u00b1 13,7 Ns, p = 0,028) ja Int_Fstart (N: 0,093 \u00b1 0,015 s ja K: 0,047 \u00b1 0,026 s, p = 0,017) olivat merkitsev\u00e4sti suuremmat nuorten ryhm\u00e4ll\u00e4. Int_Fstart:n ja iskujen lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n (r = -0,906, p = 0,001) sek\u00e4 Int_Fstart:n ja iskujen kokonaisimpulssin (r = -0,693, p = 0,039) v\u00e4lille l\u00f6ytyi merkitsev\u00e4 negatiivinen korrelaatio koko otoksella. Jalkaty\u00f6n ja iskun voimamuuttujien v\u00e4lille ei l\u00f6ytynyt merkitsevi\u00e4 korrelaatioita.\nTutkimuksen t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6kset olivat: 1) Nuoret melojat h\u00e4vi\u00e4v\u00e4t kokeneille melojille iskun maksimivoimantuotossa. 2) Jalkaty\u00f6n huippuvoima tai impulssi ei niink\u00e4\u00e4n ole ratkaiseva tekij\u00e4 suuremman iskun voiman saavuttamisessa, vaan v\u00e4hempikin voimantuotto riitt\u00e4\u00e4. 3) Nuorten melojien Int_Fstart oli pidempi, mik\u00e4 saattaa vaikuttaa negatiivisesti iskutiheyteen. Jalkaty\u00f6n voimantuoton aikaisempi aloitus nuorilla ei my\u00f6sk\u00e4\u00e4n auttanut suuremman iskun voiman saavuttamisessa. 4) Iskujen lukum\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 sek\u00e4 iskujen kokonaisimpulssi olivat suuremmat kokeneilla melojilla, mik\u00e4 kertoo suorituksen paremmasta kokonaistehosta.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Haverinen, Mikko (2017). Leg Force, Stroke Force and Timing of Paddling in Experienced and Young Paddlers on a Kayak Ergometer. Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Master's thesis, 63p.\nKayak paddling is a diverse sport demanding endurance characteristics, force production and technical skills. In kayak paddling the force is produced by forward stroke and it is an important factor in succesful paddling performance as it contributes to kayak's acceleration and, thus, to the success in competition. In kayak paddling the force production is started by leg work and the force is transmitted by trunk to upper body to perform the stroke. The purpose of this study was to find out the biomechanical differences in 40-second maximal kayak ergometer performance between experienced and young paddlers. Also connections between different variables in kayak paddling performance were studied.\nNine subjects took part of this study. They were divided into two groups: experienced paddlers (E, N=5), who were paddling at national team level or at challenge group level (age 22,8 \u00b1 2,5 years) and young paddlers (Y, N=4), who were academy level paddlers (age 16 \u00b1 1,8 years). The subjects performed a maximal 40-second test in the kayak ergometer. The forces were measured with force transducers. Stroke rate, maximal forces and impulses of the stroke and the leg work, a total impulse of the strokes, a time interval between the start of leg and stroke force production (Int_Fstart) and a time interval between the maximal value of leg and stroke force (Int_Fpeak) were analysed. Sroke rate (E: 83,6 \u00b1 2,5 strokes/40s and Y: 70,3 \u00b1 5,4 strokes/40s, p = 0,002), peak stroke force (E: 272, 8 \u00b1 27,5 N and Y: 198,1 \u00b1 35,5 N, p = 0,009) and total stroke impulse in 40second performance (E: 3949 \u00b1 105 Ns and Y: 2918 \u00b1 222 Ns, p = 0,001) were significantly greater with the group of experienced paddlers. Leg impulse (Y: 197,4 \u00b1 35,5 Ns and E: 154,7 \u00b1 13,7 Ns, p = 0,028) and Int_Fstart (Y: 0,093 \u00b1 0,015 s and E: 0,047 \u00b1 0,026 s, p = 0,017) were significantly greater with the group of young paddlers. Significant negative correlations were found between Int_Fstart and stroke rate (r = -0,906, p = 0,001) and between Int_Fstart and total stroke impulse (r = -0,693, p = 0,039). There were no significant correlations between the leg force and the stroke force variables.\nMain conclusions of this study were: 1) Experienced paddlers had better peak stroke force production. 2) The peak force or the impulse of leg work is not crucial factor to achieve high stroke force. 3) Int_Fstart of the young paddlers was longer which may affect negatively to the stroke rate. Also the early timing of the leg work with young paddlers did not help them to achieve greater stroke force or impulse than experienced paddlers. 4) Stroke rate and the total stroke impulse were greater with the experienced paddlers which indicates better total power of the performance.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Mikko Haverinen (mioshave) on 2017-03-20 14:17:48.222447. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). 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