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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Pulkkinen, Katja", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Pekkala, Nina", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, Dorrit", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2017-02-24T09:07:21Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2017-02-24T09:07:21Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1674301", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/53102", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Patogeenit ovat haitallisia eli\u00f6it\u00e4, jotka tarvitsevat is\u00e4nt\u00e4\u00e4 saadakseen tarvittavia ravinteita. Patogeenin haitallisuutta kutsutaan virulenssiksi, ja se on t\u00e4rke\u00e4 osuus patogeeni-is\u00e4nt\u00e4\u2013suhteessa. Virulenssia s\u00e4\u00e4dell\u00e4\u00e4n tarkasti, sill\u00e4 liian korkea virulenssi tappaa is\u00e4nn\u00e4n liian nopeasti, jolloin patogeeni ei ehti levit\u00e4 uuteen is\u00e4nt\u00e4\u00e4n. Liian matala virulenssi voi est\u00e4\u00e4 patogeenia tartuttamasta is\u00e4nt\u00e4\u00e4. Kilpailu muiden lajien tai kantojen kanssa voi vaikuttaa patogeenin virulenssiin, kuten my\u00f6s ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tekij\u00e4t. Flavobacterium columnare on kaloille kolumnaaritautia aiheuttava patogeenibakteeri. Kolumnaari tautia esiintyy kalankasvattamoilla ymp\u00e4ri maailmaa ja monella eri kalalajilla, ja aiheuttaa miljoonien edest\u00e4 vahinkoja. Tauti on kasvava ongelma, sill\u00e4 kalankasvattamoiden olosuhteiden uskotaan lis\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4n patogeenien haitallisuutta, ja koska patogeeni on saprofyytti voi se el\u00e4\u00e4 kuolleessa kudoksessa, mik\u00e4 vaikeuttaa taudin hoitamista. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, vaikuttaako ravintotaso kahden eri virulenssitasoisen F. columnare -kannan v\u00e4liseen kilpailuun. Kahta F. columnare -kantaa kasvatettiin erikseen korkeassa ja matalassa ravintotasossa 35 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n ajan, sek\u00e4 kantojen 1:1 sekoituksena. Toisella kannoista on aiempien kokeiden mukaan korkea virulenssi, ja toisella kannalla matala virulenssitaso. Kantojen geneettist\u00e4 erilaisuutta k\u00e4ytettiin hyv\u00e4ksi kantojen suhteen selvitt\u00e4miseksi yhteiskasvatuksissa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4en qPCR:\u00e4\u00e4 (kvantitatiivinen PCR). T\u00e4m\u00e4n ty\u00f6n tuloksena oli ett\u00e4 kaikki k\u00e4sittelyt kasvoivat yht\u00e4 hyvin, ja vain lyhytaikaisia eroja kasvutrendeiss\u00e4 havaittiin. Yhteiskasvatuksissa qPCR-tulokset osoittivat virulentin kannan hallitsevan kasvatusta kummallakin ravintotasolla, ja osuudet olivat hyvin samanlaisia eri ravintotasoilla. Kantojen virulenssi testattiin kalakokeella sek\u00e4 kasvatuskokeessa olleista bakteereista, ett\u00e4 kasvatuskokeiden alkuper\u00e4isist\u00e4 bakteerin\u00e4ytteist\u00e4. Kirjolohenpoikasia altistettiin patogeeneille, ja taudin puhkeamista sek\u00e4 sen aiheuttamia oireita seurattiin tunnin v\u00e4lein. Kasvatuksissa ollut virulentti kanta, sen alkuper\u00e4inen n\u00e4yte ja kaikki kilpailukasvatukset olivat yht\u00e4 virulentteja, oletettavasti johtuen virulentin kannan hallitsevuudesta yhteiskasvatuksessa ravintotasosta riippumatta. V\u00e4hemm\u00e4n virulentilla kannalla ravintotaso vaikutti virulenssiin, sill\u00e4 alhaisessa ravintotasossa kasvaneella k\u00e4sittelyll\u00e4 oli matalampi virulenssitaso kuin korkeassa ravintotasossa kasvaneella sek\u00e4 alkuper\u00e4isell\u00e4 kannalla. Monessa kokeessa osoitettu kasvavan virulenssin trendi matalassa ja korkeassa ravintopitoisuudessa ei toteutunut t\u00e4ss\u00e4 ty\u00f6ss\u00e4. Sen sijaan kilpailukokeen tulos virulentin kannan hallitsevuudesta vastaa muiden tuloksia. Ravintotason vaikutusta virulenssiin ei luultavasti n\u00e4hty t\u00e4ss\u00e4 ty\u00f6ss\u00e4 bakteerien kasvatustavan vuoksi, ja kilpailuun vaikutti todenn\u00e4k\u00f6isesti virulentin kannan kyky inhiboida v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n virulentin kannan kasvua.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Pathogens are harm-causing organisms that use a host for nutrients in order to be able to reproduce. How much harm a pathogen can cause a host or other organism, is called virulence. Virulence is an important factor in the host-pathogen relationship, and in theory it is regulated by the pathogen. Too high virulence kills the host before the pathogen can transmit to a new one, while too low virulence will hinder infection. Competition between pathogens and other species or strains can affect the virulence of the pathogen, and so can environmental conditions. Flavobacterium columnare is a bacterial fish pathogen, that causes columnaris disease. The disease is prevalent at fish farms around the world, where the disease kills fish worth millions yearly. The disease is a growing concern, with the conditions of the fish farms suggested to cause higher virulence, and because the pathogen can survive in dead tissue, treating the disease is complicated. The aim of this thesis was to see if the competitive outcome of two strains of F. columnare with different virulence levels differ when cultivated at different nutrient levels. Two strains of F. columnare were cultivated at a high nutrient level and a low nutrient level for 35 days, both separately and together as a 1:1 mix. One strain was considered highly virulent, and the other strain had a low level of virulence. Utilizing genetic differences of the strains, qPCR (quantitative PCR) was used to determine the relative proportions of the strains in mixed treatments. My results were that all treatments grew equally well, and only short-term differences in growth were found. In the mixed treatments qPCR testing showed that the virulent strain was dominant at both nutrient levels, and the proportions of strains were similar for both nutrient levels. For virulence tests, rainbow trout fingerlings were exposed to the pathogens, and the duration from exposure to fully developed disease was measured. The virulence of the strains were tested from pre-treatment and post-treatment samples. All treatments with the virulent strain and mixed strains were equally virulent, probably because the mixed cultures mostly consisted of the virulent strain. For the less virulent strain the low nutrient treatment had a lower virulence compared to the pre-treatment and high nutrient strains. My results did not conform to the expectations that virulence of F. columnare increases in high and low nutrient environments as is seen in many other studies. It does support the the theory that for F. columnare a strain with higher virulence will outcompete a strain with lower virulence. The true effect of nutrient level differences was possibly not achieved with this batch culture setup, and competition was probably influenced by the virulent strain inhibiting the growth of the less virulent strain.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Dorrit H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen (domanasi) on 2017-02-24 09:07:20.229682. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =False]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2017-02-24T09:07:21Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201702241519.pdf: 3559715 bytes, checksum: 8e344d2dfe675530e8dc9166e6bd39cc (MD5)\nlicense.html: 1201 bytes, checksum: 4f47077e491714264a5a362e0ac2a30e (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T09:07:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201702241519.pdf: 3559715 bytes, checksum: 8e344d2dfe675530e8dc9166e6bd39cc (MD5)\nlicense.html: 1201 bytes, checksum: 4f47077e491714264a5a362e0ac2a30e (MD5)\n Previous issue date: 2016", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (38 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "columnaris disease", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Effect of nutrients on competition between a virulent and a less virulent strain of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201702241519", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Akvaattiset tieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Aquatic sciences", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2017-02-24T09:07:22Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": null, "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "4012", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "virulenssi", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "taudinaiheuttajat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kalat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ravinto", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kalanviljely", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Aineistoon p\u00e4\u00e4sy\u00e4 on rajoitettu tekij\u00e4noikeussyist\u00e4. Aineisto on luettavissa Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston arkistoty\u00f6asemalta. Ks. https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/fi/tyoskentelytilat/laitteet-ja-tilat.", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "This material has a restricted access due to copyright reasons. It can be read at the workstation at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library reserved for the use of archival materials: https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/en/workspaces/facilities.", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
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