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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Mappes, Johanna", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Karttunen, Kaijamari", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2016-06-23T11:40:37Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2016-06-23T11:40:37Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1545480", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/50585", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Optimoidakseen ravinnonhankintansa yksil\u00f6n tulisi hankkia mahdollisimman paljon energiaa, samalla minimoiden k\u00e4ytetyn ajan, vaivan ja riskit. Yksi ravinnonhankintakykyyn vaikuttavista ominaisuuksista on makuaisti, jonka ajatellaan kehittyneen ohjaamaan ja s\u00e4\u00e4telem\u00e4\u00e4n ravinnon valikointia. Koska useat saalislajit sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t karvaan makuisia, myrkyllisi\u00e4 yhdisteit\u00e4, makuaistin teht\u00e4v\u00e4n\u00e4 on todenn\u00e4k\u00f6isesti varmistaa, ett\u00e4 saalistajat v\u00e4ltt\u00e4v\u00e4t myrkillisten saaliiden k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4. Koska karvaan maun havaitseminen on t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4 yksil\u00f6n selviytymisen kannalta, voisi ominaisuus tarjota my\u00f6s evolutiivisen edun. Lis\u00e4ksi, saalistajan maistamiskykyyn perustuvilla ravintovalinnoilla voisi olla merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 vaikutus saalispopulaation evoluutioon sek\u00e4 saalistaja-saalis yhteisevoluutioon. Lajien v\u00e4lisen vaihtelun lis\u00e4ksi, karvaan maun aistimiskyvyss\u00e4 on havaittu my\u00f6s saman lajin yksil\u00f6iden v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 eroja. Kokeellinen tieto lajin sis\u00e4isest\u00e4 vaihtelusta ja sen vaikutuksesta ravinnonhankintaan on kuitenkin edelleen v\u00e4h\u00e4ist\u00e4 ja suurin osa tutkimuksista on toteutettu nis\u00e4kk\u00e4ill\u00e4, p\u00e4\u00e4osassa ihmisell\u00e4. Ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4kseni lajin sis\u00e4isen vaihtelun merkityst\u00e4 lintujen saalistukseen mittasin talitiaisten (Parus major) kyky\u00e4 havaita karvasta makua sek\u00e4 makuaistin tason vaikutusta uuden, myrkyllisen saaliin v\u00e4ltt\u00e4misnopeuteen. Tutkimukseni ensimm\u00e4isen\u00e4 tavoitteena oli m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4\u00e4, esiintyyk\u00f6 talitiaisyksil\u00f6iden v\u00e4lill\u00e4 vaihtelua karvaan maun maistamiskyvyss\u00e4 ja korreloiko herkkyystaso yksil\u00f6n i\u00e4n, sukupuolen tai kunnon kanssa. Nis\u00e4k\u00e4stutkimuksiin perustuen odotin naaraiden maistavan koiraita paremmin poikasten kehityksen turvaamiseksi. Lis\u00e4ksi, ennustin nuorten yksil\u00f6iden olevan vanhoja parempia maistajia, sill\u00e4 maistamiskyvyn on havaittu heikentyv\u00e4n yksil\u00f6n vanhetessa. Seuraavana tavoitteena oli tutkia nopeuttaako hyv\u00e4 maistamiskyky samojen lintuyksil\u00f6iden v\u00e4ltt\u00e4misoppimista hyv\u00e4n ja pahan makuisen saalin v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, ett\u00e4 talitiaisten karvaan maistamiskyvyss\u00e4 ilmenee hyvin laajaa yksil\u00f6iden v\u00e4list\u00e4 vaihtelua. Tulosteni mukaan nuoret yksil\u00f6t ovat aikuisia parempia maistajia, mutta yksil\u00f6n sukupuolen tai kunnon ei havaittu vaikuttavan maistamiskykyyn. Makuaisti yksin ei selitt\u00e4nyt v\u00e4ltt\u00e4misoppimista. Tutkimukseni kuitenkin osoitti, ett\u00e4 yksil\u00f6n maistamiskyky, ik\u00e4, sukupuoli ja kunto vaikuttavat yhdess\u00e4 monitahoisesti v\u00e4ltt\u00e4misoppimiseen. N\u00e4in ollen vaikuttaisi silt\u00e4, ett\u00e4 kognition lis\u00e4ksi my\u00f6s yksil\u00f6n fysio- ja morfologia vaikuttavat ravinnon valikointiin. Yksitt\u00e4isten ominaisuuksien vaikutusta valikointiin on kuitenkin hankala arvioida. Tietojeni mukaan kokeeni osoitti ensimm\u00e4isen\u00e4 tutkimuksena yksil\u00f6vaihtelun lintujen karvaan maun maistamiskyvyss\u00e4 sek\u00e4 vaihtelun vaikutuksen ravinnon valikointiin. Vaihtelun olemassaolo tarjoaa kiinnostavan uuden alueen tuleville lintututkimuksille.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "To optimize foraging behavior, individuals should forage in a way that maximizes their energy gain and minimizes risks, time, and energy spend on foraging. One of the traits affecting animals\u2019 foraging ability is taste, which has likely evolved to serve as a dominant regulator and driver of diet choices. Since many plants and animals contain toxic bitter chemicals, bitter taste presumably functions to insure that predators avoid the consumption of toxic prey. Thus, being able to identify bitter substances contributes an important survival function and could therefore provide an evolutionary advantage. Moreover, diet choices based on predators\u2019 taste sensitivity could be expected to have a significant effect on the prey population\u2019s evolution and predator-prey co-evolution. In addition to interspecific variation, studies have also revealed individual differences in bitter taste sensitivity. However, the experimental evidence of intraspecific variation and its effect on foraging behavior are still scarce and mostly based on studies using mammals, particularly humans. To understand the effects of intraspecific variation in avian predators I tested great tits\u2019 (Parus major) ability to perceive a bitter taste, and whether the variation in taste sensitivity reflects their ability to avoid unpalatable novel prey. My first aim was to test whether the variation in birds\u2019 bitter taste sensitivity exists and if sensitivity correlates with characters such as age, sex or body condition. Based on studies in mammals, I expected females to be more sensitive compared to males, to ensure proper egg production. Moreover, because the ability to taste usually declines with age, I predicted juveniles to be more sensitive compared to adults. Secondly, I examined if the taste ability of the same individual birds affects their discriminative learning between palatable and unpalatable novel prey. I predicted that birds with higher sensitivity would learn to avoid unpalatable prey, and prefer profitable food, faster than birds with lower sensitivity. I found a great deal of variation in the taste sensitivity of great tit individuals. Juvenile birds had lower taste sensitivity than adults but birds\u2019 sex and body condition did not seem to influence their taste perception. Taste sensitivity alone did not explain avoidance learning. However, my experiment revealed that taste sensitivity, age, sex and body condition all influence birds\u2019 avoidance learning in a complex way. Consequently, it seems that both cognition and individual characters affect diet choice decisions, although a single trait\u2019s effect is hard to estimate. According to my knowledge, this was the first experiment showing intraspecific variation in the ability to taste bitterness among birds, and the consequences of this variation on diet choice. The existence of such variation provides an interesting new area for future investigations of avian research.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Kaijamari Karttunen (kahekart) on 2016-06-23 11:40:36.385628. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). 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No. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201606233341.pdf: 2764927 bytes, checksum: ab52cb0e0966f8b0d2367f6a924895a9 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 1164 bytes, checksum: a265b0881395c86673ffccd0bc889020 (MD5)\r\n Previous issue date: 2016", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (27 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "bitter taste", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "foraging", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "learning", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "predation", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "taste sensitivity", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "karvasmaku", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "makuaisti", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "oppiminen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "ravinnonhankinta", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "saalistus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Does taste matter? : the effect of taste perception on avoidance learning in avian predators", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title.alternative", "value": "Effect of taste perception on avoidance learning in avian predators", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": "alternative", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201606233341", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ecology and evolutionary biology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2016-06-23T11:40:37Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "restrictedAccess", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "4011", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "karvaus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "makuaisti", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "oppiminen", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "ravinto", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "saalistus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "Aineistoon p\u00e4\u00e4sy\u00e4 on rajoitettu tekij\u00e4noikeussyist\u00e4. Aineisto on luettavissa Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopiston kirjaston arkistoty\u00f6asemalta. Ks. https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/fi/tyoskentelytilat/laitteet-ja-tilat.", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accessrights", "value": "This material has a restricted access due to copyright reasons. It can be read at the workstation at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Library reserved for the use of archival materials: https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/en/workspaces/facilities.", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accessrights", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
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