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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Tuhkanen, Tuula", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kontinen, Tiina", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Pesonen, Venla", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2016-06-22T10:55:03Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2016-06-22T10:55:03Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1545326", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/50552", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Haasteet maaseudun vesihankkeiden kest\u00e4vyydess\u00e4 on tiedostettu maailmanlaajuisesti jo useiden vuosikymmenten ajan. Paikallisten k\u00e4ytt\u00e4jien osallistuminen hankkeiden toteutukseen ja hallinnointiin on n\u00e4hty yhten\u00e4 ratkaisuna ongelmaan. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin tekij\u00f6it\u00e4, jotka tukevat tai haittaavat k\u00e4ytt\u00e4jien hallinnoimien maaseudun talousvesihankkeiden pitk\u00e4n aikav\u00e4lin kest\u00e4vyytt\u00e4. \r\n\r\nTutkimus tehtiin laadullisena tapaustutkimuksena, jossa tutkimusaineiston muodostivat kahdeksan Suomen ja Nepalin vuosina 1990\u20132005 yhteisty\u00f6ss\u00e4 toteuttaman Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP) -hankkeen aikana rakennettua painovoimaista talousvesij\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4 Nawalparasin l\u00e4\u00e4niss\u00e4. Tutkimusaineisto koostui toukokuussa 2014 ja huhtikuussa 2015 Nepalissa toteutettujen kentt\u00e4jaksojen aikana vesik\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4komiteoiden, k\u00e4ytt\u00e4jien ja vesihallinnon asiantuntijoiden kanssa tehdyist\u00e4 haastatteluista. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkittiin RWSSP hankkeen tuottamia dokumentteja ja raportteja, joiden avulla analysoitiin l\u00e4hestymistapoja kest\u00e4vyyskysymyksiin hankkeen toteutuksen aikana.\r\n\r\nTutkimus osoittaa, ett\u00e4 maaseudun talousvesihankkeet altistuvat elinkaarensa aikana tekij\u00f6ille, jotka haittaavat j\u00e4rjestelmien k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4 ja yll\u00e4pitoa. Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6riskit, kuten tulvat ja maanvy\u00f6rym\u00e4t, aiheuttavat toistuvia ongelmia talousvesij\u00e4rjestelmien toimivuuteen etenkin vuoristoisilla alueilla. Ajan kuluessa sosiaaliset tekij\u00e4t, kuten v\u00e4est\u00f6nkasvusta seuraava veden tarpeen lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen, eriarvoisuutta lis\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4 vesij\u00e4rjestelmien v\u00e4\u00e4rink\u00e4ytt\u00f6 (mm. ep\u00e4viralliset vesiliit\u00e4nn\u00e4t julkisista vesipisteist\u00e4 kotitalouksiin) sek\u00e4 vedenk\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n liittyv\u00e4t konfliktit, vaikuttavat osaltaan j\u00e4rjestelmien hallintaan ja yll\u00e4pitoon. Yhteis\u00f6jen ja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4komiteoiden sosiaalinen p\u00e4\u00e4oma ja kyky vastata koettuihin haasteisiin m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4v\u00e4t osaltaan j\u00e4rjestelmien pitk\u00e4n aikav\u00e4lin kest\u00e4vyytt\u00e4. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, ett\u00e4 sosiaalista p\u00e4\u00e4omaa kasvattivat merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti yhteis\u00f6n aktiiviset j\u00e4senet, jotka hy\u00f6dynsiv\u00e4t sosiaalisia verkostojaan yhteisen edun hyv\u00e4ksi. Muita vaikuttavia tekij\u00f6it\u00e4 olivat mm. kyl\u00e4l\u00e4isten arvostus vapaaehtoisty\u00f6t\u00e4 kohtaan sek\u00e4 naisten aktivoituminen p\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6ksenteossa naisryhmien (Mother\u2019s groups) perustamisen seurauksena. Yhteis\u00f6iss\u00e4, joissa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4komiteoilla on kyky\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6ksentekoon, osallistuvat yhteis\u00f6n j\u00e4senet aktiivisemmin vesij\u00e4rjestelmien yll\u00e4pitoon. Kyseisiss\u00e4 yhteis\u00f6iss\u00e4 edellytykset vastata haasteisiin ovat paremmat kuin yhteis\u00f6iss\u00e4, joissa esiintyi ep\u00e4luottamusta, konflikteja ja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4komiteoiden kyvytt\u00f6myytt\u00e4 valvoa yhteisesti sovittuja toimintatapoja. \r\n\r\nRakentamisen j\u00e4lkeinen yhteis\u00f6n ulkopuolinen tuki (post-construction support) on osaltaan edellytys hankkeiden kest\u00e4vyydelle. Yhteis\u00f6iss\u00e4, joissa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4komiteat toimivat heikosti, tulisi panostaa ulkopuolelta tulevaan tukeen esimerkiksi konfliktien ratkaisussa ja hallintomenetelmien kehitt\u00e4misess\u00e4, mik\u00e4li yhteis\u00f6jen omat toimintavalmiudet ratkaista ongelmia sis\u00e4isesti eiv\u00e4t ole riitt\u00e4v\u00e4t. Sosiaalisen p\u00e4\u00e4oman tiedostaminen ja kasvattaminen tukee toimintavalmiuksien parantumista. Vaikka yhteis\u00f6ill\u00e4 olisi kyky\u00e4 kattaa hankkeiden korjauskustannukset, teknist\u00e4 osaamista esimerkiksi vesij\u00e4rjestelmien kunnostamiseen, peruskorjaukseen tai laajentamiseen k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyess\u00e4 ei useinkaan ole tarpeeksi. Teknist\u00e4 osaamista tulisikin valtion tasolla lis\u00e4t\u00e4 osaksi kyl\u00e4tason hallintorakenteita, jotta teknist\u00e4 osaamista vesij\u00e4rjestelmien yll\u00e4pitoon ja huoltoon olisi saatavilla jatkuvasti l\u00e4hell\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ji\u00e4.\r\n\r\nRWSSP -hanke toteutettiin yhteisty\u00f6ss\u00e4 Nepalin l\u00e4\u00e4ni- ja kyl\u00e4tasojen paikallishallinnon kanssa tavoitteena tukea keskusjohtoisen hallinnon hajauttamista. Hankkeen aikana painotettiin kyl\u00e4l\u00e4isten roolia vesi- ja sanitaatioj\u00e4rjestelmien rakentamisessa ja yll\u00e4pidossa. Vesij\u00e4rjestelmien kest\u00e4vyytt\u00e4 pyrittiin turvaamaan mm. lis\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 naisten osallistumismahdollisuuksia, kouluttamalla paikallisia teknikkoja ja perustamalla k\u00e4ytt\u00e4j\u00e4komiteoita sek\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00f6- ja yll\u00e4pitorahastoja (O&M fund). Edell\u00e4 mainittujen lis\u00e4ksi my\u00f6s paikallishallinnon virkamiesten hallinnollisen kapasiteetin kehitt\u00e4minen n\u00e4htiin keinona tukea hankkeiden kest\u00e4vyytt\u00e4. Hanke toimi haastavassa ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4, sill\u00e4 Nepalin sis\u00e4llissota vuosina 1996\u20132006 rampautti jo valmiiksi osittain heikosti kehittyneit\u00e4 paikallishallinnon rakenteita, joiden perustalle hanke luotiin. Haasteista huolimatta hanke toimi t\u00e4rke\u00e4n\u00e4 kokeilualustana k\u00e4ytt\u00e4jien hallinnoimien vesij\u00e4rjestelmien ja paikallishallinnon instituutioiden rakentamiselle Nepalissa.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "The study analyses the elements which may hinder or contribute to the long-term sustainability of community-managed rural water supply systems in Nepal. The sample of the study consists of eight gravity flow water supply schemes located in the district of Nawalparasi in Western Nepal. The schemes were constructed during the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP), jointly funded and implemented by the governments of Finland and Nepal in 1990-2005.\r\n\r\nThe data collection during two field visits to Nepal in May 2014 and in April 2015 was conducted through interviews with users committee members, water users and other stakeholders closely linked with rural water supply sector. Reports of RWSSP were reviewed to analyze approaches taken by the project on issues linked with long-term sustainability.\r\n\r\nThe findings of the study reveal that at some point of their lifetime, all rural water supply systems experience challenges, which affect their operation and functionality. In addition to natural hazards, such as floods and landslides, various social issues such as population growth, conflicts and disputes in the community can have a significant negative effect on the operation and maintenance of the systems. Yet, it is the community\u2019s approach and response to these challenges which eventually determines whether the systems will be sustainable or not in the long run. Communities with social capital had more prerequisites to respond and prepare to the challenges and reach for external support. To ensure the sustainability of community-managed water supply systems, adequate post-construction support for management capacity and conflict mediation especially for poorer performing users committees would be required, in addition to technical and financial support.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Venla Pesonen (vevapeso) on 2016-06-22 10:55:02.580309. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =True]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2016-06-22T10:55:03Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201606223309.pdf: 4482033 bytes, checksum: 4633f79dc4f09120a90f0b60e4d0e850 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 4892 bytes, checksum: d5773d3b60ce3a48192e60871c34d742 (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T10:55:03Z (GMT). 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"dc.subject.other", "value": "maaseutu", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kest\u00e4vyys", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Nepal", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Towards sustainable water management in rural Nepal : a case study of the Finnish supported water supply schemes in Nawalparasi District", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title.alternative", "value": "Case study of the Finnish supported water supply schemes in Nawalparasi District", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": "alternative", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": 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