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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Kyt\u00f6viita, Minna-Maarit", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Ik\u00e4valko, Joonas", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2016-06-17T06:12:28Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2016-06-17T06:12:28Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1545017", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/50389", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Aktiivisen k\u00e4yt\u00f6n p\u00e4\u00e4tytty\u00e4 maanottoalueet, kuten hiekka- ja sorakuopat, vapautuvat laajamittaiselle kasvillisuuden kehitykselle. Oton seurauksena maaper\u00e4n siemenpankki h\u00e4vi\u00e4\u00e4, joten kasvillisuuden muodostuminen on t\u00e4ysin riippuvaista ymp\u00e4r\u00f6ivilt\u00e4 alueilta levi\u00e4vist\u00e4 siemenist\u00e4 ja iti\u00f6ist\u00e4. Kaikki kasvilajit eiv\u00e4t kuitenkaan selvi\u00e4 ottoalueiden vaativissa olosuhteissa ja selviytyjienkin kasvu on usein hidasta. Lis\u00e4ksi alueet ovat alttiita sek\u00e4 luonnollisille ett\u00e4 ihmisten aiheuttamille h\u00e4iri\u00f6ille, jotka hidastavat kasvillisuuden kehityst\u00e4 entisest\u00e4\u00e4n. J\u00e4lkihoitotoimenpitein\u00e4 maanottoalueilla tasataan reunaluiskia ja istutetaan m\u00e4nty\u00e4, joilla pyrit\u00e4\u00e4n v\u00e4hent\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n eroosiota ja kiihdytt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n ottoalueen palautumista mets\u00e4maaksi. J\u00e4lkihoitotoimenpiteill\u00e4 on my\u00f6s k\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6puolensa: avoimista ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ist\u00e4 riippuvaiset lajit eiv\u00e4t selviydy kasvillisuuden sulkeutuessa. Lis\u00e4ksi j\u00e4lkihoito on kallista eik\u00e4 merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti kiihdyt\u00e4 puuston kehityst\u00e4, sill\u00e4 paljaalla kivenn\u00e4ismaalla m\u00e4nty kasvaa heikosti. T\u00e4m\u00e4n Pro gradu\u00ac\u00ac\u00ac\u2013tutkielman tavoite oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 m\u00e4nnyn istutuksen, fasilitaation (lep\u00e4n esiintyvyys) sek\u00e4 kuopan sis\u00e4isten paikallisten muuttujien ja kuopan ulkopuolisten maisemamuuttujien vaikutusta eri aikoja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6min\u00e4 olleiden hiekka- ja sorakuoppien kasviyhteis\u00f6jen lajim\u00e4\u00e4riin ja -koostumuksiin. Havaintojeni perusteella kuoppien kasviyhteis\u00f6iss\u00e4 oli runsaasti vaihtelua. Nuorilla kuopilla esiintyi paahteisuudesta hy\u00f6tyvi\u00e4 lajeja ja vanhoilla kuopilla tyypillisi\u00e4 metsien lajeja. Luonnostaan uusiutuneilla kuopilla esiintyi enemm\u00e4n paahdeymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ist\u00e4 riippuvaisia lajeja kuin istutetuilla kuopilla. Vanhoilla m\u00e4nnylle istutetuilla kuopilla lajisto oli yksipuolisempaa kuin luonnostaan uusiutuneilla alueilla, mutta puuston tilavuuksien suhteen alueet eiv\u00e4t eronneet toisistaan. Kasviyhteis\u00f6t muuttuivat ja puuston tilavuus kasvoi kuopan i\u00e4n eli maa-aineksen oton p\u00e4\u00e4ttymisest\u00e4 kuluneen ajan my\u00f6t\u00e4. I\u00e4n ohella maaper\u00e4n pH ja hienoaineksen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 korreloivat voimakkaimmin yhteis\u00f6n muutoksen suhteen. Maisemamuuttujien suhde kasviyhteis\u00f6jen koostumukseen oli paikallisia muuttujia heikompi. Vahvimmillaan maiseman vaikutus oli aivan kuoppien l\u00e4hiymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4, mik\u00e4 viittaa siihen, ett\u00e4 valtaosa lajeista levi\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4hialueilta. Sen sijaan kuoppien lajim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 oli vahvemmin yhteydess\u00e4 ymp\u00e4r\u00f6iviin alueisiin kuin paikallisiin muuttujiin. Maisemamuuttujista etenkin l\u00e4hell\u00e4 kuoppia sijaitsevilla pientaloalueilla oli positiivinen suhde lajim\u00e4\u00e4riin, kun taas turvemaiden yhteys oli negatiivinen. Ymp\u00e4r\u00f6ivien alueiden monipuolinen maank\u00e4ytt\u00f6 ja harmaalep\u00e4n esiintyvyys kuopalla lis\u00e4siv\u00e4t kuoppien lajim\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4. Sen sijaan m\u00e4nnyn istutus laski kuoppien lajim\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4 luontaisesti uusiutuneisiin alueisiin verrattuna. Tulokset tukevat aikaisempia maanottoalueiden luontaista sukkessiota puoltaneita tutkimuksia.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "After active use gravel and sand pits are again available for vegetation development. The pits lack a seed bank and thereby depend completely on external seed and spore sources. Not all plant species survive in the harsh conditions of the pit and those that do often grow poorly. In addition, the areas are susceptible to various natural and anthropogenic disturbances that further hinder vegetation succession. In order to restore the vegetation and decrease erosion, the land owners plant Scots pine seedlings and even out the slopes of the pits. Unfortunately, the restoration procedures have their down-sides: the species that depend on open and dry habitats will not survive in a pine plantation and thus disappear faster than in naturally revegetated sites. Besides, the restoration is expensive and does not ensure larger volume of woody species due to a poor growth on a bare mineral soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pine planting, facilitation (presence of grey alder) and several local and landscape factors on the succession and plant species richness of gravel and sand pits in Central Finland. According to my findings, there was a lot of variation in the plant communities of the pits. Open and dry habitat specialist species were present especially in the younger pits whereas typical forest species favored the older pits. The specialists also inhabited naturally revegetated sites more frequently than restored pine plantations. Moreover, the old pits with planted trees were less variable in their species composition than naturally revegetated old pits, while there was no difference between the volumes of the growing stocks. The plant communities changed and woody species volume increased with age. In addition to age, soil pH and the amount of small soil particles also changed along with the communities. The relationships of landscape factors with community compositions within different distances from the pit were generally weaker than those of local factors, and the relationship seemed to be strongest in the vicinity of the pits, indicating their role as dispersal sources and pathways. Instead, the species richness of the pits was more strongly connected to their surroundings than to local site factors. Especially the amount of small house areas in the vicinity correlated positively with species richness, whereas woodlands on peat had a negative relationship with species richness. Landscape heterogeneity further increased the number of species in a pit. Species richness was also higher in areas that were naturally revegetated and in those that inhabited grey alder. The results support previous studies that recommend natural succession over technical reclamation.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Joonas Ik\u00e4valko (joiljuik) on 2016-06-17 06:12:27.731462. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =True]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2016-06-17T06:12:28Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201606173147.pdf: 559657 bytes, checksum: b5597f2996eb6a2c7839a7092a1447c9 (MD5)\nlicense.html: 4821 bytes, checksum: a691ab7ad64873dc521220c379da2330 (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T06:12:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201606173147.pdf: 559657 bytes, checksum: b5597f2996eb6a2c7839a7092a1447c9 (MD5)\nlicense.html: 4821 bytes, checksum: a691ab7ad64873dc521220c379da2330 (MD5)\n Previous issue date: 2016", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (48 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "hiekkakuopat", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Kasviyhteis\u00f6jen sukkessio ja lajim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 maanottoalueilla", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201606173147", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ecology and evolutionary biology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2016-06-17T06:12:28Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": null, "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "4011", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "fasilitointi", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "h\u00e4iri\u00f6t", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "sukkessio", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "kasvillisuus", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
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