Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts

Energiapuuta käytetään yhä enemmän uusiutuvan energian lähteenä. Energiapuun korjuussa hakkuutähteitä eli kantoja, oksia ja latvuksia kerätään päätehakkuun ja harvennuksen yhteydessä hakkuualoilta. Tämä vähentää erityisesti pienikokoisen lahopuun ja kantojen määrää. Lahopuu on tärkeä resurssi boreaa...

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Main Author: Jäntti, Mari
Other Authors: Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, Faculty of Sciences, Bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto
Format: Master's thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access: https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/49632
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author Jäntti, Mari
author2 Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Sciences Bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylän yliopisto
author_facet Jäntti, Mari Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Sciences Bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylän yliopisto Jäntti, Mari Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Faculty of Sciences Bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylän yliopisto
author_sort Jäntti, Mari
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description Energiapuuta käytetään yhä enemmän uusiutuvan energian lähteenä. Energiapuun korjuussa hakkuutähteitä eli kantoja, oksia ja latvuksia kerätään päätehakkuun ja harvennuksen yhteydessä hakkuualoilta. Tämä vähentää erityisesti pienikokoisen lahopuun ja kantojen määrää. Lahopuu on tärkeä resurssi boreaalisissa metsissä, mutta sen määrä talousmetsissä on alhainen luonnonmetsiin verrattuna. Määrän väheneminen edelleen energiapuun korjuun seurauksena voi johtaa lahopuusta riippuvaisen monimuotoisuuden vähenemiseen, minkä vuoksi on tärkeää tutkia energiapuun korjuun monimuotoisuusvaikutuksia. Teoriat pinta-alan ja habitaatin heterogeenisyyden vaikutuksesta lajimäärään ovat yksiä tärkeimmistä lajimäärää määrittävistä teorioista. Jäkälät käyttävät lahopuuta kasvualustanaan, jolloin lahopuun pintaalan sekä sen heterogeenisyyden vähenemisen voidaan ennustaa vaikuttavan jäkälien lajimäärään. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin energiapuun korjuun vaikutuksia lahopuun sekä lahopuulla elävien eli epiksyylisten makrojäkälien monimuotoisuuteen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin 12:sta noin 8 vuotta sitten hakattua hakkuuaukkoa Keski-Suomessa. Korjuu aloilta energiapuu, eli suurin osa kannoista ja muista hakkuutähteistä kuten oksista, oli kerätty päätehakkuun yhteydessä, ja kontrollialoilta ei. Tietoa kerättiin jokaisella hakkuualalla 3 koealalta mitatuista lahopuun määrästä, ominaisuuksista ja lahopuulla elävästä makrojäkälälajistosta. Vaikka lahopuun kokonaispinta-ala tai tilavuus ei eronnut käsittelyjen välillä, energiapuun korjuu näytti vähentävän ainakin kantojen ja runkojen määrää hakkuualoilla. Energiapuun korjuu vaikuttaa kuitenkin lahopuun määrään ristiriitaisesti, sillä se myös nostaa kannonkappaleita ja juuria maan pinnan yläpuolelle. Korjuualojen oksilla kasvoi vähemmän jäkälälajeja kuin kontrollialojen oksilla, ja myös korjuualojen kannoilla näytti kasvavan vähemmän jäkälälajeja kuin kontrollialojen kannoilla. Korjuun vaikutusta kokonaislajimäärään tai -monimuotoisuuteen ei kuitenkaan havaittu, mikä saattoi johtua siitä, että muiden kasvualustojen saatavuus riitti korvaamaan oksien ja kantojen menetyksen. Jäkälälajimäärän ja suurikokoisen lahopuun pinta-alan välillä havaittiin positiivinen suhde, kun taas lahopuun monimuotoisuus ja jäkälälajimäärä eivät korreloineet keskenään. Hypoteesi lahopuun monimuotoisuuden vaikutuksesta jäkälälajimäärään ei siis saanut tukea. Tämän tutkimuksen suurikokoinen lahopuu koostui rungoista ja nostetuista kannoista. Rungot ovat tunnetusti tärkeä kasvualusta jäkälille, mutta nostettujen kantojen roolia jäkälien ja muidenkin lahopuusta riippuvaisten lajien kasvualustana olisi mielenkiintoista tutkia lisää. Vaikka tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella energiapuun korjuun vaikutukset jäkäliin eivät vaikuta kovin vakavilta, myös muiden lajiryhmien vasteet energiapuun korjuuseen täytyy ottaa huomioon. Forest-fuel harvesting (FFH) is a growing industry in countries of intensive forest management. FFH is the collection of logging residues for energy production interconnected with thinning and clear-cutting, and it reduces especially the amount of fine woody debris (FWD) and stumps on clear-cuts. With dead wood already being a scarce resource in managed forests, the practice may cause further species loss among dead wood dependent, saproxylic species. This is why it is important to study the effects of FFH on biodiversity. Some of the most important theories for species richness are the theories of species-area relationship (SAR) and the theory of habitat heterogeneity. According to the SAR, when the available area decreases, the number of species it can support decreases as well. The theory can be applied to species that use dead wood primarily as a substrate, such as epixylic lichens. According to the theory of habitat heterogeneity, when the heterogeneity of the habitat decreases, the same often happens considering the species richness. In this study, the effects of FFH on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic lichens (that grow on dead wood) were studied on 12 spruce (Picea abies) dominated sites. The sites were located in Central Finland and Northern Savonia and had been clear-cut about 8 years earlier. FFH had been conducted on 7 sites, and 5 sites without FFH were controls. Different dead wood characteristics were measured and all epixylic macrolichen species surveyed on 3 sampling plots on each site. Even though the overall volume and surface area of dead wood did not significantly differ between treatments, FFH seemed to reduce the amount of stumps and logs. However, FFH additionally increased the aboveground amount of dead wood by lifting uprooted stumps and roots on the surface. There were less lichen species growing on the branches of FFH than of control sites, and the species richness on stumps tended to be lower on FFH than on control sites. However, no effect on the overall species diversity was found. It may be that the availability of other substrates can compensate the loss of branches and stumps for the common macrolichens that were found in the study. A positive SAR was found between coarse woody debris (CWD) and lichen richness, whereas lichen richness did not correlate with the diversity of dead wood. Therefore, the hypothesis of dead wood diversity affecting lichen species richness was not supported. CWD consisted of logs and uprooted stumps in the present study, which indicates that uprooted stumps might be a valuable substrate for lichens along with logs. Although, in the light of the present study, the effects of FFH on the diversity of lichens do not seem severe, FFH does decrease the amount of dead wood, and thus the effects on other saproxylic species need to be studied as well.
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spellingShingle Jäntti, Mari Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts bioenergy disturbances habitat heterogeneity logging residues macrolichens Picea abies saproxylic species species-area relationship (SAR) bioenergia hakkuutähteet häiriöt lahopuusta riippuvaiset lajit makrojäkälät Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia Ecology and evolutionary biology 4011 lahopuut jäkälät
title Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts
title_full Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts
title_fullStr Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts
title_full_unstemmed Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts
title_short Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts
title_sort effects of forest fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear cuts
title_txtP Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the diversity of dead wood and epixylic macrolichens in clear-cuts
topic bioenergy disturbances habitat heterogeneity logging residues macrolichens Picea abies saproxylic species species-area relationship (SAR) bioenergia hakkuutähteet häiriöt lahopuusta riippuvaiset lajit makrojäkälät Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia Ecology and evolutionary biology 4011 lahopuut jäkälät
topic_facet 4011 Ecology and evolutionary biology Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia Picea abies bioenergia bioenergy disturbances habitat heterogeneity hakkuutähteet häiriöt jäkälät lahopuusta riippuvaiset lajit lahopuut logging residues macrolichens makrojäkälät saproxylic species species-area relationship (SAR)
url https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/49632 http://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201605032413
work_keys_str_mv AT jänttimari effectsofforestfuelharvestingonthediversityofdeadwoodandepixylicmacrolichensinclearcu