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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Karvonen, Anssi", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Louhi, Katja-Riikka", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Alaoutinen, Liisa", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2016-02-25T19:29:27Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2016-02-25T19:29:27Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1523137", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/48945", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Luonnossa is\u00e4nn\u00e4t altistuvat usein monille loislajeille sek\u00e4 niiden genotyypeille. Altistuminen tapahtuu usein eri aikaan johtuen loisinnan ajallisesta ja paikallisesta vaihtelusta, mink\u00e4 seurauksena loisia vastaan kehittyv\u00e4t immuunivasteet syntyv\u00e4t vaiheittaisesti. Loiset voivat vaikuttaa toisiinsa suoraan kilpailemalla elintilasta tai resursseista, tai ep\u00e4suorasti is\u00e4nn\u00e4n immuunij\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n kautta. Kahden loisgenotyypin yht\u00e4aikaisen tartunnan on aiemmissa tutkimuksissa havaittu kuormittavan is\u00e4nn\u00e4n immuunij\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4 niin, ett\u00e4 kummankin genotyypin tartuntamenestys on t\u00e4ll\u00f6in korkeampi. Tutkielmassani selvitin, miten is\u00e4nn\u00e4n altistushistoria vaikuttaa loisten v\u00e4lisiin vuorovaikutussuhteisiin. Kalais\u00e4ntin\u00e4 k\u00e4ytettiin 0+ -vuotiaita kirjolohia, jotka altistettiin ensin Diplostomum pseudospathaceum - ja D. baeri -loisille sek\u00e4 molemmille lajeille yht\u00e4 aikaa. Kontrollina kokeessa oli ryhm\u00e4, jota ei altistettu. Diplostomum pseudospathaceum tunnetaan kalojen loiskaihin aiheuttajana ja se on yleinen suomalaisilla kalanviljelylaitoksilla, kun taas D. baeri ei vaikuta kalan n\u00e4k\u00f6kykyyn. Hankitun l. spesifisen immuniteetin annettiin kehitty\u00e4 viiden viikon ajan, jonka j\u00e4lkeen kalat altistettiin uudelleen D. pseudospathaceum -loisen eri genotyypeille ja n\u00e4ist\u00e4 satunnaisesti muodostetuille pareille. Havaitsin, ett\u00e4 immunisaatiotausta ei vaikuttanut D. pseudospathaceum -loisen tartuntamenestykseen kun kalat altistettiin yhdelle genotyypille. Loisgenotyyppien v\u00e4lill\u00e4 esiintyi kuitenkin merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 geneettist\u00e4 vaihtelua niiden kyvyss\u00e4 infektoida erilaisia is\u00e4ntien immuunitaustoja, mik\u00e4 tukee ajatusta siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 is\u00e4nn\u00e4n tartuntahistoria voi yll\u00e4pit\u00e4\u00e4 loisten geneettist\u00e4 monimuotoisuutta. Diplostomum baeri -loisella immunisoidut kalat eiv\u00e4t eronneet muista immunisointiryhmist\u00e4, mik\u00e4 osoittaa, ett\u00e4 kirjolohi kykenee kehitt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n ristikk\u00e4isresistenssi\u00e4 n\u00e4ille kahdelle loislajille. Tutkielmani p\u00e4\u00e4tulos oli se, ett\u00e4 immuunipuolustuksen kuormituksen positiivinen vaikutus loisen tartuntamenestykseen katosi is\u00e4nn\u00e4n immunisoinnin my\u00f6t\u00e4. Toisin sanoen, kahden genotyypin yht\u00e4aikainen hy\u00f6kk\u00e4ys ei en\u00e4\u00e4 johtanut korkeampaan tartuntamenestykseen aiemmin loisen kohdanneissa kaloissa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4, ja sill\u00e4 voi olla keskeinen rooli mm. loisten infektiostrategioiden ja virulenssin evoluution kannalta.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Hosts are typically exposed to multiple parasite species and genotypes in nature. Exposure typically takes place at different times due to spatial and temporal variation in parasitism which leads to sequential development of host immune responses against parasites. Parasites can interact directly through competition for space or resources, or indirectly through host\u2019s immune system. Earlier studies have shown that a simultaneous attack by two parasite genotypes burdens host\u2019s immune defense so that the infection success of both parasite genotypes increases. I studied how the exposure history of the host affects interactions between parasites. Young-of-the-year rainbow trout were used as fish hosts and were first immunized with either Diplostomum pseudospathaceum or D. baeri parasite, or with a mix of both species. Immunologically na\u00efve fish were used as controls. Diplostomum pseudospathaceum is very common on Finnish fish farms and known to cause cataracts, whereas D. baeri doesn\u2019t affect the vision of fish. Fish were kept for five weeks to allow development of acquired specific immunity after which they were exposed again to a range of single and randomly paired D. pseudospathaceum genotypes. I found that immunization background did not affect the infection success of D. pseudospathaceum in single exposures. However, significant genetic variation was observed between parasite genotypes in their ability to infect different host immunization backgrounds, which supports the theory of host\u2019s infection history maintaining genetic variation among parasite populations. Fish immunized with D. baeri didn\u2019t differ from the other immunization groups, which indicates that rainbow trout is capable of producing cross-resistance against both parasites. The main result was that the positive effect of burdening of the immune system on the infection success of the parasite genotypes was lost along with the immunization of the host. In other words, the simultaneous attack by two parasite genotypes did not lead to an increase in infection success in the previously infected hosts. This is important and suggests that host infection history may play a large role in the evolution of parasite infection strategies and virulence.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Liisa Alaoutinen (lianalao) on 2016-02-25 19:29:26.848699. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =True]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2016-02-25T19:29:27Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602251705.pdf: 782783 bytes, checksum: ad1bc7eb47d21434e77c8ba5230dc45c (MD5)\nlicense.html: 4910 bytes, checksum: cca38936558f15aacd2dcdedd1ede58e (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-25T19:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602251705.pdf: 782783 bytes, checksum: ad1bc7eb47d21434e77c8ba5230dc45c (MD5)\nlicense.html: 4910 bytes, checksum: cca38936558f15aacd2dcdedd1ede58e (MD5)\n Previous issue date: 2016", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (33 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "ristikk\u00e4isresistenssi", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "spesifinen immuniteetti", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "tartuntahistoria", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "vaiheittainen immunisaatio", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Is\u00e4nt\u00e4kalan altistushistorian vaikutus Diplostomum pseudospathaceum -loisen tartuntamenestykseen ja genotyyppien v\u00e4lisiin vuorovaikutussuhteisiin", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602251705", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu 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Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Akvaattiset tieteet", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Aquatic sciences", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2016-02-25T19:29:27Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": null, "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", 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