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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Vesalainen, Heini", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2016-02-09T09:47:15Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2016-02-09T09:47:15Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1522105", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/48699", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Heini Vesalainen (2016). Maastohiihdon globalisoituminen talviolympialaisten menestyksen perusteella tarkasteltuna. Liikuntakasvatuksen laitos, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, liikunnan yhteiskuntatieteiden pro gradu -tutkielma, 69s. Maastohiihto n\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyy talviolympialaisissa kansainv\u00e4lisemm\u00e4lt\u00e4 kuin koskaan aiemmin. Lajin kehityksess\u00e4 ollaan menty eteenp\u00e4in monellakin saralla. T\u00e4n\u00e4 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n\u00e4 toisistaan otetaan mittaa niin sprinteiss\u00e4 kuin takaa-ajoissakin. Kilpailuja vied\u00e4\u00e4n aivan uudenlaisiin maisemiin ja kilpailijoita l\u00e4hetet\u00e4\u00e4n matkaan uudistunein j\u00e4rjestelyin. Perinteet vaikuttavat kuitenkin taustalla. Pitk\u00e4t perinteet omaavat maat kilpailevat yh\u00e4 kirkkaimmista mitaleista, mutta my\u00f6s uusien k\u00e4rkeen ylt\u00e4neiden maiden rinnalla. Perinteill\u00e4 on osansa moniin lajin taustalla vaikuttaviin tekij\u00f6ihin sek\u00e4 t\u00e4ten menestykseenkin. Menestyksess\u00e4 n\u00e4iden maiden v\u00e4lill\u00e4 ilmenee kuitenkin vaihtelua kausittain, johon on vaikea l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 yht\u00e4 selitt\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 tekij\u00e4\u00e4. Jonkinlaisia johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6ksi\u00e4 taustavaikuttajista voidaan kuitenkin tehd\u00e4. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan maastohiihdon globalisoitumista talviolympialaisten osallistujamaiden ja -m\u00e4\u00e4rien sek\u00e4 menestyksen perusteella. Tilastoaineistoa vuosien 1924, 1936, 1952, 1972, 1988, 1998 ja 2014 talvikisoista analysoidaan aiempaan tutkimuskirjallisuuteen tukeutuen. Aineistosta on muodostettu taulukot maastohiihdon mitalimaista pisteytt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 mitalit niiden arvo huomioiden. Sama on tehty tutkimuksessa talviolympialaisten kokonaismitalitilaston kymmenest\u00e4 parhaasta maasta. Lis\u00e4ksi tarkastelu kohdistuu taulukoin tarkemmin hiihdossa menestyneimpien maiden; Norjan, Suomen, Ruotsin ja Ven\u00e4j\u00e4n v\u00e4lisiin voimasuhteisiin, niiden muutoksiin. Tutkimuksen perusteella maastohiihto on levitt\u00e4ytynyt maailmalla yh\u00e4 laajemmalle. Eksoottisimpien maiden osanotto t\u00e4ss\u00e4 talvisista olosuhteista pitk\u00e4lti riippuvassa lajissa on lis\u00e4\u00e4ntynyt. Maiden osanoton ja osallistujam\u00e4\u00e4rien tarkastelu sek\u00e4 vertailu toisiinsa antavat aihetta tulkinnalle. Menestyksen yhteys maakohtaisten ja t\u00e4ten koko kisojen osallistujam\u00e4\u00e4rien kasvulle lienee merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4. Yleinen globalisaatiokehitys tiedonkulun helpottumisen muodossa on osasyyn\u00e4 maiden lis\u00e4\u00e4ntymiselle. My\u00f6s esimerkiksi kilpailulajien lis\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen ja samalla lajin uudistamisen osuuskin on huomioitava t\u00e4ss\u00e4. Lajin uudistamisella pyrit\u00e4\u00e4n her\u00e4tt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n mielenkiintoa yleis\u00f6ss\u00e4. Vaikutus harrastajam\u00e4\u00e4riin voikin olla huomattava. Hiihdon laajentuessa my\u00f6s menestys on jakautunut yh\u00e4 useammalle maalle. Kuitenkin vakiomaat loistavat tuloslistoilla yh\u00e4 l\u00e4hes poikkeuksetta k\u00e4rjess\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 havainto juontaa juurensa jo pitk\u00e4lle. P\u00e4\u00e4syy piilee olosuhteissa sek\u00e4 vakiintuneissa perinteiss\u00e4, jolloin muihinkin lajin kehitykseen vaikuttaviin resursseihin kyet\u00e4\u00e4n panostamaan etenkin menestyksen my\u00f6t\u00e4. Hyviss\u00e4 olosuhteissa on p\u00e4\u00e4sty harjoittelemaan jo vuosikymmeni\u00e4. Ammattimaisempaan suuntaan etenemiselle l\u00f6ytyv\u00e4tkin t\u00e4ten hyv\u00e4t l\u00e4ht\u00f6kohdat. N\u00e4iden tekij\u00f6iden osuus menestyksess\u00e4 muotoutuukin t\u00e4m\u00e4n p\u00e4iv\u00e4n kiristyneen kilpailun urheilukulttuurissa huomattavaksi, jolloin muut maat voivatkin asettua jo l\u00e4ht\u00f6kohtaisesti altavastaajan asemaan. Kulloisillekin s\u00e4\u00e4olosuhteille alttiilla lajilla monet yll\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4t k\u00e4\u00e4nteet voivat selitt\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4rkimaidenkin v\u00e4list\u00e4 tulosvaihtelua. Globalisaation aikakausi asettaa my\u00f6s lukuisia mielenkiintoisia lajiin kohdistuvia jatkopohdinnan aiheita. Mihin maastohiihdon kehityksess\u00e4 ollaan viel\u00e4 menossa? Ilmastonmuutos vaikeuttaa maastohiihdon harraste- ja kilpatoimintaa. Tasaty\u00f6nn\u00f6n l\u00e4pimurtoa ollaan ennustettu, sek\u00e4 n\u00e4in ollen jopa paluuta osittain sadan vuoden takaisiin tasamaaolosuhteisiin. Kamppailu katsojakiinnostavuudesta muiden lajien kanssa ajaa lajiuudistuksiin, jotka eiv\u00e4t aina ole v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 kilpailijayst\u00e4v\u00e4llisimpi\u00e4.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Heini Vesalainen (2016). Globalization of cross-country skiing surveyed by success in the Winter Olympics. Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Master\u00b4s thesis of Social Sciences of Sport, 69p. Cross-country skiing in the Winter Olympics appears to be more international than ever. The sport has changed and developed in several different ways. For example, nowadays there are competitions also in sprints and in skiathlon. Competitions take place in entirely new kinds of landscapes and competitors are starting by renewed arrangements. However, traditions still have a strong impact. Countries with old traditions in the sport are still competing for the brightest medals, but now also along with new countries reaching for the top. Traditions seem to have an impact on several factors which effect on the background of cross-country skiing, and thus have an impact on success as well. However, periodical variation between the countries\u2019 success occurs, which is hard to pin down on one explanatory factor. Some conclusions of the factors affecting on the background can still be made. This study surveys globalization of cross-country skiing by the countries and competitors participating in the Winter Olympics and the success they have. The statistical data from the years 1924, 1936, 1952, 1972, 1988, 1998 and 2014 Winter Olympics are analysed relying on previous research literature. The data has been modified on table format, which consist of cross-country skiing medal countries\u2019 scored medals and taking into account different values for different medals. The same has been conducted of the Winter Olympics\u2019 overall statistics\u2019 top ten countries in the study. In addition, survey is focusing on the power relations and their changes between the most successful countries of the cross-country skiing in Winter Olympics; Norway, Finland, Sweden and Soviet Union/Russia through the analysis of tables. According to the study, cross-country skiing has spread out even more extensively around the world. Even though the sport requires wintery conditions, the participation of exotic countries has increased. Surveying and comparing the attendance of countries and the turnout of competitors give reason for interpretation. Connection between success and the number of the countries, and thus the whole Games\u2019 participants is bound to be significant. The general globalization in terms of the facilitation of flow of information is a part of the reason for the increase of countries attending in the Winter Olympics. The increase of events, as well as the development of cross-country skiing must also be kept in mind. The aim is to attract the audiences by developing the sport. The effect of this on the number of amateurs might be remarkable. As cross-country skiing has expanded to more and more countries, so has success as well. However, the same old countries still finish almost without exception on the top. This observation goes back a long way. The main reason for these countries\u2019 success lies within weather conditions and established traditions. These traditions, along with success in turn enable the countries to invest in other resources which affect the development of cross-country skiing. Some countries have been able to practice in good conditions already for decades. So there is a steady foundation to progress into a more professional level. This combination of these factors has a considerable effect when considering success in today\u2019s tough sports culture and the demand for success, so other countries might settle for a position as an underdog to start with. The respective weather conditions that make up such a vital part of the sport might explain the variations in results between the leading countries. Globalization also raises questions concerning the future of the sport. Where might the development of cross-country skiing take us in the future? Climate change will complicate amateur- and racing activities of cross-country skiing. The breakthrough of double pole technique has been predicted to happen soon, and thus even a return back to the flat skiing conditions of hundred years ago. The battle to garner audience\u2019s attraction leads to sport renewals, which unfortunately might not always take the competitors into consideration.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Heini Vesalainen (hemavesa) on 2016-02-09 09:47:14.796801. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). 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