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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "S\u00e4\u00e4kslahti, Arja", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Juutinen, Taija", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Heikkinen, Anna-Elina", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2016-02-03T11:19:45Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2016-02-03T11:19:45Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2016", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1521867", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/48593", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "TIIVISTELM\u00c4\r\nHeikkinen, A-E. 2016. Ensimm\u00e4isen luokan oppilaiden motoriset taidot ja reisilihasten aktiivisuus eri alustoilla k\u00e4velt\u00e4ess\u00e4. Liikuntakasvatuksen ja Liikuntabiologian laitos, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, liikuntapedagogiikan sek\u00e4 valmennus- ja testausopin kaksoisgradututkielma, 121s., 4 liitett\u00e4.\r\nK\u00e4velyn oppiminen on t\u00e4rke\u00e4 osa lapsen motorista kehityst\u00e4. K\u00e4velytaito mahdollistaa lapsen osallistumisen monipuoliseen liikuntaan. Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ll\u00e4, jossa lapsi liikkuu, on vaikutusta lapsen motorisen kehityksen etenemiseen. Motoristen taitojen ja fyysisen aktiivisuuden v\u00e4lill\u00e4 on havaittu selv\u00e4, i\u00e4n my\u00f6t\u00e4 vahvistuva yhteys. Kehittyv\u00e4ll\u00e4 lapsella uusien motoristen taitojen opetteluvaiheessa lihasaktiivisuudet nousevat suhteellisen paljon. Lihasaktiivisuuksia voidaan tutkia vaivattomasti tekstiilisten EMG-elektrodien avulla. \r\nT\u00e4m\u00e4n kaksoisgradututkielman tarkoituksena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 ensimm\u00e4isen luokan oppilaiden (N=11) k\u00e4velyss\u00e4 ilme-nevi\u00e4 lihasaktiivisuuksia kolmella eri alustalla: tasaisella alustalla, pehme\u00e4ll\u00e4 ep\u00e4tasaisella alustalla ja polulla. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkittiin lasten yleisen motorisen taitotason ja alustan v\u00e4list\u00e4 yhteytt\u00e4 k\u00e4velyn koordinaatioon. K\u00e4velyn koordinaatiota mitattiin EMG-shortseilla m. quadriceps ja m. hamstring lihaksista, joista m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin aktiivisuuksien keskiarvot ja maksimiarvot. Lihasaktiivisuuksista muodostettiin kolme eri symmetriaindeksi\u00e4 (V/O, LQ/RQ ja LH/RH) sek\u00e4 muutosprosentit (\u2206%) eri alustojen v\u00e4lille. Yleisen motorisen taitotason mittarina k\u00e4ytettiin KTK-testist\u00f6\u00e4. Lasketuissa muuttujissa esiintyvi\u00e4 eroja tarkasteltiin toistomittausten ANOVAN, parittaisen T-testin, WRS-testin sek\u00e4 keskiarvojen avulla. Yleisen motorisen taitotason ja koordinaation v\u00e4lisen yhteyden selvitt\u00e4miseen k\u00e4ytettiin Pearsonin korrelaatiokerrointa sek\u00e4 Spearmanin j\u00e4rjestyskorrelaatiokerrointa. \r\nReisilihasten yhteenlasketut lihasaktiivisuudet eiv\u00e4t poikenneet tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4sti toisistaan eri alustoilla k\u00e4velyss\u00e4. Sen sijaan muutosprosenttien perusteella havaittiin tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja tasaisella, pehme\u00e4ll\u00e4 ep\u00e4tasaisella alustalla ja polulla k\u00e4velyn v\u00e4lill\u00e4 (p=0.025). Lihasaktiivisuudet olivat korkeimmat polulla k\u00e4velyss\u00e4 sek\u00e4 keskiarvojen (43,2 \u00b1 14,6 mV) ett\u00e4 maksimiarvojen (174,6 \u00b1 72,7 mV) perusteella. Lasten k\u00e4velyn koordinaatio muuttui eniten, kun siirryttiin tasaiselta alustalta polulla k\u00e4velyyn, sill\u00e4 tilastollisesti merkitsevi\u00e4 eroja esiintyi yhteens\u00e4 kolmessa eri symmetriaindeksiss\u00e4. K\u00e4vely oli tasapainoisinta polulla k\u00e4velt\u00e4ess\u00e4 niin keskiarvojen (90,5 \u00b1 34,7 %) kuin maksimiarvojen (101,3 \u00b1 37,5 %) mukaan laskettuna (100 % tarkoittaen t\u00e4ydellist\u00e4 symmetriaa). Eniten puolieroja tuli esiin ep\u00e4tasaisella alustalla (69,1 \u00b1 16,5 %). Lasten k\u00e4velyn koordinaatio ei korreloinut heid\u00e4n yleisen motorisen taitotasonsa kanssa. \r\nTutkielman tulokset antavat viitteit\u00e4 siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 ulkoymp\u00e4rist\u00f6t ovat motorisesti haastavimpia ja vaihtelevimpia liikuntaymp\u00e4rist\u00f6j\u00e4 lapsille: on mahdollista, ett\u00e4 k\u00e4velyalustan muuttuvat pinnanmuodot haastavat eniten lasten k\u00e4velyn koordinaatiota ja edist\u00e4v\u00e4t lasten motoristen taitojen kokemuspohjaista harjaantumista. Luontoymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4 liikkuminen saattaa olla edullista lasten fyysisen aktiivisuuden m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n ja laadun kannalta. Tutkielman tulokset voivat tarjota arvokasta tietoa koulujen opettajille ja p\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4jille oppilaiden kokonaisvaltaisen motorisen kehityksen ja fyysisen aktiivisuuden tukemiseksi. Tulevaisuudessa tarvitaan lis\u00e4\u00e4 tutkimustietoa alustan vaikutuksista lasten yleiseen fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen sek\u00e4 motoriseen kehitykseen. Vaatteisiin integroitujen EMG-elektrodien yhdist\u00e4minen muihin fyysisen aktiivisuuden mittareihin voi tarjota monipuolista tutkimustietoa lasten kokonaisvaltaisten fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositusten laatimisen tueksi. \r\nAvainsanat: motorinen kehitys, motoriset taidot, fyysinen aktiivisuus, k\u00e4vely, k\u00e4velyalusta, ensimm\u00e4isen luokan oppilaat, elektromyografia, KTK-testit", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "ABSTRACT\r\nHeikkinen, A-E. 2016. First grade students' motor skills and thigh muscle activity when walking on different plat-forms. Department of Sport Sciences and Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, dual Master`s thesis, 121 pp., 4 appendices.\r\nLearning walking is an important part of the motor development of children. Walking skill makes it possible for the child to participate in versatile physical exercises. The environment in which the child moves, is affecting the pace of the child's motor development. An association between motor skills and physical activity is clear and strengthen with age. When a child is developing, the learning phase of a new motor skill increases muscle activity levels. Muscle activity levels can be explored easily using the textile EMG electrodes. \r\nThis dual Master's thesis was to find out the first grade students` walking on three different surfaces: on flat, on soft and uneven surface and on the path. Also the link between the general level of motor skills and coordination in walking on different surfaces was examined. Coordination in walking was examined on the basis of average and maximum muscle activity values (mV). Three different symmetry indices (V/O, LQ/RQ and LH/RH) and the per-centages of the change (\u0394%) between different platforms were calculated. Subjects` (N = 11) leg muscle (M. Quad-riceps and M. Hamstring) activity levels were measured by EMG shorts. General motor skill level indicator of KTK-test was used. Differences in the calculated variables were examined using repeated measures ANOVA, paired T-test, WRS-test and averages. The association between the general level of motor skills and coordination were deter-mined using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient.\r\nThe sum of thigh muscle activity level did not differ statistically significantly from each other when walking on different surfaces. Instead, based on the changes (\u0394%), walking on the flat was statistically significantly different from uneven surface and on the path (p = 0.025). Muscle activity levels were the highest when walking on the path as mean values (43.2 \u00b1 14.6 mV) and as maximum values (174.6 \u00b1 72.7 mV). Children`s coordination in walking changed the most when transiting from flat surface walking as observed using the three different symmetry indices. Walking was the most balanced when walking on the path according to the mean values (90.5 \u00b1 34.7%) and the calculated maximum values (101.3 \u00b1 37.5%) (100 % being fully symmetrical). Most differences in children`s walk-ing emerged in walking on soft and uneven ground (69.1 \u00b1 16.5%). Children\u00b4s coordination in walking did not cor-relate significantly with their general motor skill level.\r\nThe results of this study suggest that the external environments are most challenging for the motor coordination and the most varying physical activity environments for children: it is possible that changing the walking surface topog-raphy will challenge children`s coordination in walking the most and contribute to children's experience-based train-ing of motor skills. Natural nature surroundings may be preferable to quantity and quality of physical activity of children. The results of this study may provide valuable information for school teachers and decision-makers how to support student`s comprehensive motor development and physical activity. In the future more research on how the surface affects the general physical activity level and motor development of children is needed. Combining the textile EMG electrodes and other measures of physical activity may provide rich research data to support the recommendations of comprehensive physical activity of children.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Elina Heikkinen (aheikkin) on 2016-02-03 11:19:45.101973. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =True]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2016-02-03T11:19:45Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602031425.pdf: 1755319 bytes, checksum: 50eae27877cfe4b3d77cb52feb883b9e (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 4865 bytes, checksum: 3bd202017bc5e52448f1ec38fb1184cd (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T11:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602031425.pdf: 1755319 bytes, checksum: 50eae27877cfe4b3d77cb52feb883b9e (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 4865 bytes, checksum: 3bd202017bc5e52448f1ec38fb1184cd (MD5)\r\n Previous issue date: 2016", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (129 s.)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "motorinen kehitys", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "motoriset taidot", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "fyysinen aktiivisuus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "k\u00e4vely", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "k\u00e4velyalusta", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "ensimm\u00e4isen luokan oppilaat", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "elektromyografia", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "KTK-testit", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Ensimm\u00e4isen luokan oppilaiden motoriset taidot ja reisilihasten aktiivisuus eri alustoilla k\u00e4velt\u00e4ess\u00e4", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602031425", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": 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