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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Jaakkola, Timo", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Konttinen, Juuso", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Kuokkanen, Kalle", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2015-11-25T08:09:23Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2015-11-25T08:09:23Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2015", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1504713", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/47817", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Liikuntataitojen oppiminen on liikunnanopetuksen ja valmennuksen t\u00e4rkeimpi\u00e4 tavoitteita. Motoristen taitojen oppimista varten onkin kehitetty useita erilaisia opetusmenetelmi\u00e4. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa on my\u00f6s osoitettu, ett\u00e4 oppimistulokset vaihtelevat hyvin paljon eri menetelmi\u00e4 k\u00e4ytett\u00e4ess\u00e4. Perinteiset motoristen taitojen opetusmenetelm\u00e4t ovat perustuneet k\u00e4sitykseen oppikirjamaisesta suorituksesta, jota on pyritty virheit\u00e4 korjaten matkimaan mahdollisimman tarkasti. T\u00e4m\u00e4 ei kuitenkaan ole v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 tehokkain tapa opettaa ja oppia liikuntataitoja. Runsas vaihtelu on osoittautunut useissa tutkimuksissa merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4ksi osaksi tehokasta taitojen oppimista, ja Saksassa on kehitetty t\u00e4m\u00e4n l\u00e4hestymistavan yksi muoto \u2013 differentiaalioppiminen. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia differentiaalioppimista motorisen taidon opetusmenetelm\u00e4n\u00e4 ja arvioida, millaiseksi oppijat sen kokevat hauskuuden, viihtymisen ja vaativuuden osalta.\r\nTutkimus toteutettiin interventiotutkimuksena, jossa 12-13-vuotiaiden koripalloilijoiden (n=19) vapaaheittoharjoitteluun sovellettiin differentiaalioppimisen periaatteita. Tutkittavat suorittivat alkutestin\u00e4 20 vapaaheittoa, mink\u00e4 j\u00e4lkeen alkoi 3 viikkoa kest\u00e4nyt harjoitusjakso. Harjoitusjakson aikana tutkittavat harjoittelivat vapaaheittoja 2 kertaa viikossa 50 toistoa kerrallaan. Tutkittavat suorittivat siis yhteens\u00e4 300 erilaista vapaaheittoa harjoitusjakson aikana. Jokainen vapaaheittosuoritus ohjeistettiin kirjallisesti siten, ett\u00e4 jokainen niist\u00e4 oli hieman erilainen. Tutkittaville ei annettu harjoittelun aikana korjaavaa palautetta eik\u00e4 suoritusteknisi\u00e4 ohjeita. Harjoitusjakson p\u00e4\u00e4tytty\u00e4 tutkittavat suorittivat lopputestin\u00e4 20 vapaaheittoa, mink\u00e4 j\u00e4lkeen pidettiin 2 viikon harjoitustauko. Harjoitustauon p\u00e4\u00e4tytty\u00e4 tutkittavien oppimista arvioitiin 20 vapaaheiton pysyvyystestill\u00e4. Lis\u00e4ksi tutkittavien kokemia hauskuuden ja viihtymisen tuntemuksia sek\u00e4 harjoittelun vaativuutta arvioitiin kyselylomakkein.\r\nTutkimuksen p\u00e4\u00e4tuloksena voidaan mainita tilastollisesti merkitsev\u00e4 oppimistulos tutkimuksen alku- ja pysyvyysmittauksen v\u00e4lill\u00e4 (p < 0.01). Koehenkil\u00f6iden heittotestin keskiarvo oli tutkimuksen alkumittauksessa 12.6 \u00b1 5.8 ja pysyvyysmittauksessa 17.4 \u00b1 5.9. Tutkimustulosten perusteella differentiaalioppiminen vaikuttaisi siis olevan suhteellisen tehokas tapa oppia motorinen taito. Toinen merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 tutkimushavainto oli se, ett\u00e4 koehenkil\u00f6t kokivat differentiaalioppimisen hauskaksi tavaksi opetella taitoja. He kokivat iloa harjoittelun aikana ja nauttivat harjoittelusta. Koehenkil\u00f6t eiv\u00e4t kokeneet turhautumisen tunnetta, eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 kokeneet harjoittelua erityisen vaativaksi henkisesti huolimatta siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 tutkijat havaitsivat paljon virheit\u00e4 harjoittelun aikana. On mahdollista, ett\u00e4 koehenkil\u00f6t eiv\u00e4t kokeneet virheit\u00e4 henkil\u00f6kohtaisina ep\u00e4onnistumisina, vaan osana harjoittelua, koska kaikki tekiv\u00e4t paljon virheit\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on voinut edesauttaa positiivisen oppimisilmapiirin kehittymist\u00e4. Teht\u00e4v\u00e4suuntautunut ilmapiiri puolestaan tutkitusti edesauttaa oppijoiden viihtymist\u00e4.\r\nTutkimuksen tulokset antavat selkeit\u00e4 viitteit\u00e4 siit\u00e4, ett\u00e4 differentiaalioppiminen on tehokas tapa oppia motorisia taitoja. Oppijat kokevat sen my\u00f6s mielekk\u00e4\u00e4ksi tavaksi harjoitella. Koehenkil\u00f6iden v\u00e4h\u00e4isest\u00e4 m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4st\u00e4 ja vaihtelevista harrastustaustoista johtuen tutkimuksen ulkoinen validiteetti j\u00e4i kuitenkin hyvin matalaksi. T\u00e4st\u00e4 johtuen tutkimustuloksia ei voida yleist\u00e4\u00e4 koskemaan suurempaa joukkoa. Tulevaisuudessa tarvitaan lis\u00e4\u00e4 tutkimuksia, jotta differentiaalioppimisen mahdollisuuksista liikunnanopetuksessa ja urheiluvalmennuksessa saadaan lis\u00e4\u00e4 tietoa.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Learning of movement skills is one of the main goals in physical education. There are several different methods developed for learning motor skills. Previous research shows that learning results vary when different methods are used to learn motor skills. Traditional methods of learning motor skills have been based on an ideal model of the learned movement, which the learners have tried to copy and afterward have tried to fix errors. There is growing evidence that the traditional model may not be the most efficient way to teach and learn movement skills. One of this thesis\u2019 main points, variability, has been proven to be a strong part of efficient skill learning. Differential learning \u2013 a teaching method that includes a great deal of variability \u2013 has been developed in Germany. The goal of this thesis is to study differential learning as a method to teach motor skills and estimate how fun, how challenging and how enjoyable the learners feel this way of learning new movement skills.\r\nThe study was an intervention study in which 12-13 year old basketball players (n=19) practiced free throw shooting guided by the principles of differential learning. The learners performed a pretest of 20 free throws and practiced free throw shooting for three weeks, twice a week. Each workout consisted of 50 repetitions. The learners therefore performed 300 different ways of shooting the free throw. Each repetition was instructed in written form so that each free throw trial was different. After three weeks the learners performed a post test (20 free throws) after which they had a two week rest period. After the rest period the learners performed a retention test (20 free throws) and answered questionnaires about their feel of enjoyment and mental requirements of the practice.\r\nOne of the main results of the study was a statistically significant increase in the learners\u2019 free throw shooting skill from pretest (12.6 \u00b1 5.8) to retention test (17.4 \u00b1 5.9) (p < 0.01). Differential learning therefore seems to be a relatively efficient way of learning a motor skill. There are several studies that retell the same learning results when differential learning is used as a teaching method. Another significant result was that the learners found differential learning as a fun way of learning a motor skill. Their feelings were that practicing the skills this way was meaningful and enjoyable. They did not find practicing the skill mentally demanding or frustrating even though the researchers saw many errors while they were practicing their skill. It is possible that the learners did not see errors as personal failures but as a part of practice since they all made many mistakes during practice. This may have caused the development of task oriented motivational climate, which is proven to be a significant factor behind the enjoyment of the learners.\r\nThe results of the study demonstrate that differential learning is an efficient way of learning a motor skill. The learners also find it as an enjoyable way of practicing their skills. Because the number of the subjects was relatively low and there was a great amount of variance in their practice backgrounds the external validity of the study was very low. Therefore the results of the study cannot be generalized to a larger group. In the future more research is needed to learn more about the possibilities of differential learning in coaching and physical education.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Kalle Kuokkanen (kailkuok) on 2015-11-25 08:09:23.073771. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =True]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2015-11-25T08:09:23Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201511253807.pdf: 739918 bytes, checksum: 5977c73e77237b12a60424fe459f30e4 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 5143 bytes, checksum: 1117f9b45a6f57393d687673a1bb414f (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-25T08:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201511253807.pdf: 739918 bytes, checksum: 5977c73e77237b12a60424fe459f30e4 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 5143 bytes, checksum: 1117f9b45a6f57393d687673a1bb414f (MD5)\r\n Previous issue date: 2015", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (70 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "differentiaalioppiminen", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Differentiaalioppiminen koripallon vapaaheiton opetusmenetelm\u00e4n\u00e4", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201511253807", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Liikuntakasvatuksen laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Sport Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Liikuntapedagogiikka", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Physical Education Teacher Education", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2015-11-25T08:09:24Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "yvv.contractresearch.funding", "value": "0", "language": "", "element": "contractresearch", "qualifier": "funding", "schema": "yvv"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "502", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "koripallo", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "motoriset taidot", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "opetusmenetelm\u00e4t", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
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