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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Ihalainen, Pasi", "language": "", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Haaparinne, Zachris", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2014-12-05T00:46:30Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2014-12-05T00:46:30Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2014", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1453202", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/44814", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "T\u00e4m\u00e4 tutkielma k\u00e4sittelee Britannian ensimm\u00e4isen p\u00e4\u00e4ministerin, Robert Walpolen, verotuksen uudistusohjelmaa ja sen kohtaamaa vastarintaa vuosina 1732 - 1733 k\u00e4sitehistoriallisesta n\u00e4k\u00f6kulmasta. Walpolen pyrkimys muuttaa tupakan ja viinin tulliverot aksiiseiksi eli valmisteveroiksi verotuksen tehostamiseksi ja salakuljetuksen kitkemiseksi synnyttiv\u00e4t mittavan poliittisen kriisin. Pysy\u00e4kseen vallassa Britannian hallituksen oli lopulta taivuttava perumaan tulliverotuksen muuttamista koskeva esityksens\u00e4. Vaikka vuoden 1734 parlamenttivaaleissa toryjen ja oppositio-whigien muodostama koalitio saavutti merkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 voittoja juuri valmisteverovastaisuutensa vuoksi, ei se onnistunut kukistamaan Walpolen johtamien whigien enemmist\u00f6\u00e4.\r\n Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu mannermaisen k\u00e4sitehistorian ja Cambridgen koulukunnan edustaman aatehistorian er\u00e4\u00e4nlaisesta yhdistelm\u00e4st\u00e4. K\u00e4sitteet ymm\u00e4rret\u00e4\u00e4n t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkimuskontekstissa mannermaiseen tapaan pysyv\u00e4mpin\u00e4 ja laajemmin m\u00e4\u00e4riteltyin\u00e4. Sen sijaan, ett\u00e4 k\u00e4sitteiden n\u00e4ht\u00e4isiin saavan merkityksens\u00e4 yksitt\u00e4isiss\u00e4 puheakteissa, niiden muotoutuminen ymm\u00e4rret\u00e4\u00e4n huomattavasti hitaampana ja laajempana prosessina. Tarkastelen aihetta k\u00e4sitehistorian kautta, vaikka en k\u00e4sitehistorialle ominaiseen tapaan keskity k\u00e4sitteiden muutokseen sin\u00e4ns\u00e4. K\u00e4sitteiden muutosten sijaan tutkielma keskittyy pikemminkin k\u00e4sitteiden m\u00e4\u00e4ritelmien ja k\u00e4yt\u00f6n kartoitukseen. Tarkastelen tutkielmassa, mink\u00e4laisia k\u00e4sitteit\u00e4 kriisin yhteydess\u00e4 k\u00e4ytettiin ja miten ne m\u00e4\u00e4riteltiin eri toimijoiden osalta. \r\n Tutkielman l\u00e4hdeaineisto koostuu kolmesta p\u00e4\u00e4l\u00e4hdetyypist\u00e4, joista keskeisin on lehdist\u00f6aineisto. Lehdist\u00f6\u00e4 on l\u00e4hestytty ensisijaisesti Gentleman's Magazinen kautta, joka julkaisi kootusti muiden lehtien keskeisimm\u00e4t artikkelit. P\u00e4\u00e4asiallisesti tutkielmassa k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n Craftsmanin, Free Britonin, Daily Courantin, London Journalin ja Fog's Journalin alunperin julkaisemaa materiaalia. Tutkielmassa hy\u00f6dynnet\u00e4\u00e4n lehdist\u00f6aineiston lis\u00e4ksi my\u00f6s parlamenttiaineistoja, joskin niiden hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4mist\u00e4 rajoittaa 1700-luvun alun parlamenttiaineistolle tyypillinen aineiston v\u00e4h\u00e4inen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4. Kolmantena l\u00e4hdetyyppin\u00e4 tutkimuksessa toimivat populaarimmat julkaisut, kuten pamfletit ja erilaiset balladit.\r\n Tutkielman perustana toimii l\u00e4ht\u00f6kohta siit\u00e4, ettei taloutta tule tarkastella vain numeroina ja teknisin\u00e4 toimenpitein\u00e4. Talous miellet\u00e4\u00e4n t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkielmassa toimintakentt\u00e4n\u00e4, jota m\u00e4\u00e4rittiv\u00e4t pikemminkin perustavanlaatuiset poliittiset ja moraaliset kiistat. Taloudellisia p\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6ksi\u00e4 ei voinut oikeuttaa vain niiden teknisill\u00e4 seurauksilla, vaan niit\u00e4 perusteltiin huomattavasti laajemmilla ja yleisimmill\u00e4 arvopohjaisilla diskursseilla ja k\u00e4sitteill\u00e4. Tutkielma vahvistaa omalta osaltaan n\u00e4iden oletusten paikkaansapit\u00e4vyyden. Valmisteverokriisin aikana n\u00e4k\u00f6kantoja oikeutettiin verrattain harvoin taloudellisin perustein, vaikka hallitus pyrkikin legitimoimaan esityst\u00e4\u00e4n verotuksen tehostamisella. Valtaosa legitimoimiseen k\u00e4ytetyist\u00e4 k\u00e4sitteist\u00e4 olivat luonteeltaan poliittisia ja arvopohjaisia. Uudistusta vastustettiin vetoamalla esimerkiksi perustuslaillisiin oikeuksiin, vapauteen, omistusoikeuteen, kansaan, vallanjakoon ja kansallisiin erityispiirteisiin.\r\n Etenkin opposition k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4 k\u00e4sitteist\u00f6 oli luonteeltaan innovatiivista ja uudistavaa. Opposiotio hy\u00f6dynsi laajaa k\u00e4sitteist\u00f6\u00e4 delegitimoimaan hallituksen verouudistusta. Sen sijaan, ett\u00e4 hallitus olisi kehitt\u00e4nyt tai hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4nyt kilpailevia k\u00e4sitteit\u00e4, se tyytyi l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 kiist\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n opposition k\u00e4sitteiden merkityksen pyrkimykselleen uudistaa verotusta. Vaikka hallituksen perustelut omalle hankkeelleen olivat sin\u00e4ll\u00e4\u00e4n aiheellisia, oli se kykenem\u00e4t\u00f6n ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n, ettei hanketta yleisesti ymm\u00e4rretty ensisijaisesti teknisena toimenpiteen\u00e4. Uudistuksen vastustajat sek\u00e4 parlamentissa ett\u00e4 sen ulkopuolella n\u00e4kiv\u00e4t sen pikemminkin uhkana maan perustuslaille ja sen takaamille vapauksille.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "The thesis is a conceptual case study, focusing on the controversial excise scheme of 1732 \u2013 1733. Britain's first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole, intended to convert the custom duties of tobacco and wine into excises in order to tackle the large-scale smuggling peculiar to these particular branches. The proposal, however, raised an enormous political fury. Eventually Walpole's ministry was forced to withdraw its scheme as the controversy threatened to end the long Whig rule. Although the Patriot Opposition, formed by Tories and Opposition Whigs, achieved a popular victory in the general election of 1734 because of its efforts to bring down the ministerial scheme, it was unable to overthrow Walpole and the ministerial Whigs.\r\n The theoretical framework of the study can be described as a fusion of the Continental conceptual history and of the Cambridge school tradition on the history of political ideas. Although the thesis does not focus on long-term comparison to reveal conceptual change as such, the nature of the concepts are regarded as more permanent and slowly changing instead of something temporary and individually produced. Instead of focusing on the change as such, the study aims to survey and analyse the semantic field during the excise crisis. What kind of concepts were used and how were they defined by different instances?\r\n In order to implement the study on the semantic field, the thesis is based on three different categories of sources. The British press forms the primal category of sources used. The thesis is mainly based on the Gentleman's Magazine, a monthly publication re-publishing the most important and notable articles from the major papers. Articles published by journals such as the Craftsman, the Free Briton, the Daily Courant, the London Journal, and the Fog's Journal forms the core of the material studied. Parliamentary debates and popular sources form the second and the third category of sources used. Although the debates in Parliament were recorded in a rather insufficient manner during the early 18th century, the material available has been used in as comprehensive a manner as possible. The popular sources in turn mainly consist of pamphlets, broadsides, and ballads. \r\n The premise of this thesis has been the idea that economy is not merely about numbers or 'objective facts'. In fact economy has always been a major platform for politics, morals, and ethics. Speaking of economic reforms was not only debating the possible financial consequences, but also a substantially wider set of shared values and discourses. This premise has been confirmed in the particular context of the thesis. The excise scheme was only seldom legitimized and delegitimized by arguments of economic nature. Although the ministry was trying to justify its scheme by claiming it was making the taxation more efficient, the dominant arguments and concepts during the crisis were of rather political nature in the traditional sense. Major concepts used to legitimize and delegitimize the excise scheme were expressions such as constitution, liberties and properties, people, and trading nation.\r\n The opposition used concepts in a rather innovative and reformative manner. It employed a wide variety of concepts and discourses, against which the ministry was not able to defend itself. Rather than implementing rival concepts, the ministry mostly denied the importance of the concepts represented by the opposition. Even if the ministry may have had reasonable motives for its scheme, it was unable to understand that rather than being a matter of technical expertice, the scheme was also perceived as fatal to the constitution and the Englishness itself.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Zachris Haaparinne (zaemhaap) on 2014-12-05 00:46:30.284530. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake). JyX data: [jyx_publishing-allowed (fi) =True]", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija@noreply.fi) on 2014-12-05T00:46:30Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412053431.pdf: 1888684 bytes, checksum: d0e2da74ec347a41b31606383997df38 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 4909 bytes, checksum: 86f5c15fcb4dfeac523daa58658f755a (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T00:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412053431.pdf: 1888684 bytes, checksum: d0e2da74ec347a41b31606383997df38 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 4909 bytes, checksum: 86f5c15fcb4dfeac523daa58658f755a (MD5)\r\n Previous issue date: 2014", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (130 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Walpole, Robert", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "'Dangerous steps towards the destruction of the liberty of the people' : a conceptual approach on Robert Walpole's excise scheme, 1732-1733", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title.alternative", "value": "Conceptual approach on Robert Walpole's excise scheme, 1732-1733", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": "alternative", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412053431", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": 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