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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Raudaskoski, Anna", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2014-06-19T11:07:53Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2014-06-19T11:07:53Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2014", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1437895", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/43808", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Vuoristot kattavat 20\u201325 % maapallon pinta-alasta ja niiden alueella kasvaa noin 28 % maapallon metsist\u00e4. Vuoristomets\u00e4t ovat monella tapaa arvokkaita: ne tarjoavat useita ekosysteemipalveluita ja raaka-aineita sek\u00e4 sis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t suuren m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6j\u00e4 ja eli\u00f6lajeja. Ne ovat kuitenkin my\u00f6s eritt\u00e4in haavoittuvaisia. Resurssien optimoimiseksi tutkijat ovat nimenneet maapallolta hotspot-alueita, joilla esiintyy suuri m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 endeemisi\u00e4 ja uhanalaisia lajeja. Ihmistoiminta vaikuttaa ekosysteemien luonnolliseen tilaan ollen merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 uhka hotspot-alueiden lajeille. Lis\u00e4ksi ekosysteemin pirstaleisuus, laikun koko ja reunavaikutukset voivat vaikuttaa alueen lajirunsauteen ja sukupuuttovauhtiin. Andien it\u00e4rinteet muodostavat yhden maailman biodiversiteetin hotspot-alueista. Niiden rinteill\u00e4 kasvavat Polylepis-mets\u00e4t muodostavat yhden maailman korkeimmista puurajoista. Ne ovat t\u00e4rkeit\u00e4 elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6j\u00e4 monille endeemisille lajeille. Metsill\u00e4 on my\u00f6s merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 rooli Andien vedenkierrossa ja ne suojaavat maaper\u00e4\u00e4 eroosiolta. Polylepis-mets\u00e4t ovat todenn\u00e4k\u00f6isesti olleet tuhansia vuosia ihmisvaikutuksen alaisena. Nyky\u00e4\u00e4n Polylepis-kasvillisuus kattaa en\u00e4\u00e4 vain 3 % potentiaalisesta alueesta Perun Andeilla. My\u00f6s metsien laatu on heikentynyt. Noin 30 Polylepis-lajista puolet on luokiteltu vaarantuneiksi. Polylepis- metsien suurimpia uhkia on arvioitu olevan karjanlaidunnus ja laidunten poltto sek\u00e4 metsien hakkuu. T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4 mik\u00e4 n\u00e4ist\u00e4 tekij\u00f6ist\u00e4 vaikuttaa merkitt\u00e4vimmin Perun Cuscon alueella sijaitsevan Vilcanota-vuoriston Polylepis-metsiin. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin my\u00f6s eroaako ihmish\u00e4iri\u00f6n m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 pienten ja isojen mets\u00e4laikkujen tai mets\u00e4n reunan ja sis\u00e4osan v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Lis\u00e4ksi selvitettiin eroaako ihmisvaikutuksen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 mets\u00e4n ominaisuuksien mukaan. Lopuksi tutkittiin eroaako mets\u00e4laikkujen uusiutuminen ja rakenne ihmish\u00e4iri\u00f6n mukaan. Tutkimukseen valittiin viisi eri aluetta, jolta kultakin valittiin pieni ja iso mets\u00e4laikku. Jokaiseen mets\u00e4laikkuun tehtiin yksi koeala reunalle ja yksi mets\u00e4n sis\u00e4osaan. Koealoilta havainnoitiin useita laidunnuksen, polton ja mets\u00e4nhakkuun merkkej\u00e4. My\u00f6s perustietoa mets\u00e4n rakenteesta ja ominaisuuksista ker\u00e4ttiin. Ihmisvaikutuksen muodoista merkitt\u00e4vimmin alueella n\u00e4kyi karjan laidunnuksen vaikutus maanpintaan sek\u00e4 puuaineksen keruu. Karjanlaidunnuksen vaikutus maanpintaan oli p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa v\u00e4h\u00e4inen, mutta hakattujen puiden m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 alkuper\u00e4isest\u00e4 puustosta oli 20 % tai enemm\u00e4n puolella koealoista. Tuloksieni perusteella hakkuu muodosti suurimman uhan Polylepis metsille. Kaiken kaikkiaan mets\u00e4t voisivat hy\u00f6ty\u00e4 puumateriaalin k\u00e4yt\u00f6n rajoittamisesta.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Mountains occupy about 20\u201325 % of the global land surface and are estimated to contain approximately 28 % of the world\u2019s forest. Mountain forests are valuable in many ways: they offer variety of ecosystem services and products, possess different habitats and great species richness. To optimize conservation activities and efforts scientists have defined hotspot areas that contain high proportion of endemic and endangered species. Human disturbance affects the natural state of ecosystems and is a significant threat to species living in these areas. In addition, fragmentation of ecosystems, patch size and edge effects can influence species richness and extinction rates. The eastern slopes of the Andes form one of the world\u2019s biodiversity hotspot areas. Polylepis forests that grow on the slopes of Andes form one of the highest tree lines in the world. They are an important habitat for many endemic species. These forests also have a major role in the water cycle of the Andes and they protect the ground from erosion. Polylepis forests have likely been under human pressure for thousands of years. Only 3 % of the potential forest cover remains in Peruvian Andes. Also the quality of forests has decreased. From about 30 Polylepis species approximately half is classified as vulnerable. It has been estimated that grazing, burning of pastures and logging are the biggest threats for the Polylepis forests. In this study the aim was to find out which form of human disturbance is the principal threat to these forests in the area of the mountain chain of Vilcanota, located in Cuzco area, Southeastern Peru. It was also studied if the amount of human disturbance differed between small and large forest patches or between forest edge and interior. In addition it was studied if the amount of human disturbance differs in forest patches depending of forest characteristics. Last was studied if regeneration or structure of forest differed in forest patches according to the amount of human disturbance. Five study areas were chosen that each had one small and one large forest patch. In each forest patch one study plot was placed on the edge and one in the interior of the forest. Variety of different marks of grazing, fire and logging were observed. Basic information was also collected from forest structure and characteristics. I found out that grazing pressure on the ground and logging were the two most visible forms of human disturbance in the area. Grazing pressure on the ground was mainly low but percentage of totally logged trees was 20 % or more from the original tree cover on half of the study plots. Based on my results logging formed the biggest threat. In general these forests could benefit if the harvesting of wood material would be restricted.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Anna Raudaskoski (ankaraud) on 2014-06-19 11:07:53.395171. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (1 tekij\u00e4) (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake-1-tekijae). JyX data:", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija@noreply.fi) on 2014-06-19T11:07:53Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201406192109.pdf: 1154744 bytes, checksum: 5124402cbb29f78756fc08f12660c546 (MD5)\nlicense.html: 4907 bytes, checksum: 7f51ec09af498687939879ead353b7b2 (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-19T11:07:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201406192109.pdf: 1154744 bytes, checksum: 5124402cbb29f78756fc08f12660c546 (MD5)\nlicense.html: 4907 bytes, checksum: 7f51ec09af498687939879ead353b7b2 (MD5)\n Previous issue date: 2014", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "1 verkkoaineisto (32 sivua)", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "eng", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": "en", "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "agriculture", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "edge effects", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "logging", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "fragmentation", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "grazing", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "patch size", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Polylepis racemosa", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "Polylepis subsericans", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "laidunnus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "laikunkoko", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "maatalous", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "mets\u00e4nhakkuu", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "pirstaloituminen", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "reunavaikutus", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Human disturbance on Polylepis mountain forests in Peruvian Andes", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "master thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201406192109", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Pro gradu -tutkielma", "language": "fi", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.ontasot", "value": "Master\u2019s thesis", "language": "en", "element": "type", "qualifier": "ontasot", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.faculty", "value": "Faculty of Sciences", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "faculty", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Bio- ja ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6tieteiden laitos", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.department", "value": "Department of Biological and Environmental Science", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Ecology and evolutionary biology", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2014-06-19T11:07:54Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "coar", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.accesslevel", "value": "openAccess", "language": "fi", "element": "rights", "qualifier": "accesslevel", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.publication", "value": "masterThesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "publication", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.oppiainekoodi", "value": "4011", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "oppiainekoodi", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "laiduntaminen", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "mets\u00e4t", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "hakkuut", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "maatalous", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "reunavaikutukset", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "Peru", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.yso", "value": "Andit", "language": null, "element": "subject", "qualifier": "yso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.content", "value": "fulltext", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "content", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights.url", "value": "https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": "url", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.okm", "value": "G2", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": "okm", "schema": "dc"}]
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