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Taustatieto. Harjoittelu saa aikaan lisääntyneen verenvirtauksen aktiivisissa luurankolihaksissa. Tämä mahdollistaa ravintoaineiden paremman kulkeutumisen kohdereseptoreilleen. Lihassupistuksen ja lisääntyneen ravintoaineiden kulkeutumismahdollisuuden yhteisvaikutus mahdollistaa harjoitusvasteiden paranemisen. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoitus oli selvittää, onko yksilöiden ravitsemuksellisilla eroilla ja raskaan voimaharjoittelun aiheuttamilla lihaksen ja veren vasteilla yhteyttä.
Menetelmät. Koehenkilöryhmässä oli 21 nuorta miestä (ikä 18 - 30 vuotta), joilla ei ollut aiempaa kokemusta säännöllisestä kuntosaliharjoittelusta. He harjoittelivat kuntosalilla ohjatusti kahdesti viikossa 21 viikon ajan. Tutkimuksen alussa, puolivälissä ja lopussa heiltä mitattiin maksimivoima, lihaksen pinta-ala, lihassolutyypit, kehonkoostumus ja veren hormonipitoisuudet. Voimatesti koostui bilateraalisesta dynaamisesta jalkaprässistä David 200-laitteessa (David Fitness and Medical, Finland). Lihassolunäytteet otettiin nelipäisestä reisilihaksesta Bergströmin 5 mm:n lihassolunäyteneulatekniikalla ennen ja jälkeen 21 viikon harjoittelun. Lihassolutyypit määritettiin histokemiallisella ATPaasi värjäyksellä (Brooke & Kaiser 1970). Lihassolujen koot määriteltiin anti-dystrofiini vasta-aineella. Ennen ja jälkeen 21 viikon harjoittelun nelipäisen reisilihaksen poikkipinta-ala määritettiin magneettikuvauksella (GE Signa Exite HD 1.5 T) ja analysoitiin OsiriX-ohjelmalla (versio 2.7.5). Verinäytteet otettiin kyynärtaivelaskimosta ennen lihastyötä, heti lihastyön jälkeen, 15 minuuttia ja 30 minuuttia harjoituksen jälkeen. Seerumin hormonit analysoitiin Immulite® 1000-laitteella (DPC, Los Angeles, USA). Ravintopäiväkirjoja täytettiin 4 - 5 päivän aikana muiden mittauspäivien läheisyydessä. Päiväkirjat analysoitiin Micro Nutrica ravintoanalyysi -ohjelman versiolla 3.11 (The Social Insurance Institution of Finland). Materiaali analysoitiin IBM SPSS 19 tilasto-ohjelmalla, jossa käytettiin keskiarvoa, keskihajontaa, Pearsonin korrelaatiota, Studentin t-testiä, toistomittausten ANOVAa ja regressioanalyysia.
Tulokset. Voimaharjoittelu lisäsi maksimivoimaa (p<0,001), tyypin 1 ja 2 lihassolujen kokoa (p<0,001), nelipäisen reisilihaksen pinta-alaa (p<0,001), kehon painoa (p<0,001) sekä rasvattoman massan määrää (p<0,001). Proteiinin kulutus (g/kg kehon paino/vrk) kasvoi (p=0,047) harjoittelujakson aikana. Nautittujen tyydyttyneiden rasvahappojen (r= -0,534, p =0,018) ja rasvan määrä (r= -0,473, p=0,041) korreloivat käänteisesti maksimivoiman absoluuttisen kehityksen kanssa. Nautitun veden määrä korreloi käänteisesti lihassolujen absoluuttisen pinta-alan kasvun kanssa (r= -0,557, p= 0,025). Erityisesti veden (r=0,687, p=0,001) ja hiilihydraattien (r=0,608, p=0,006) nauttiminen korreloi kehon rasvaprosentin lisääntymisen kanssa. SHBG -hormonin (p<0,001) ja kasvuhormonin (p=0,049) tasot nousivat yksittäisen harjoituksen jälkeen. Harjoituksen jälkeiset kortisolitasot korreloivat käänteisesti kolesterolin määrän kanssa (r = - 0,747, p=0,008). Erityisesti vesi (r=0,785, p=0,000) korreloi harjoituksen jälkeisen insuliinitason kanssa. Lepotilan hormonitasot tai kuormituksen jälkeiset hormonitasojen nousut eivät korreloineet lihasten kroonisten harjoitteluvasteiden kanssa (p>0,05).
Johtopäätökset. Säännöllisen voimaharjoittelun aikana proteiinin käyttö lisääntyy. Kun syödään ravintosuositusten mukaisesti, ei kuitenkaan yksilöiden välisillä nautittujen proteiinien tai hiilihydraattien määrällä tässä tutkimuksessa ole vaikutusta lihaksen kroonisiin harjoitteluvasteisiin. D-vitamiinin osuus kroonisissa harjoitteluvasteissa on mielenkiintoinen ja jatkossa sitä tulee tutkia enemmän. Ravinnolla voidaan vaikuttaa insuliini- ja kortisolitasojen akuuttiin nousuun voimaharjoittelun jälkeen. Myös 21 viikon voimaharjoittelujakson aikana tapahtuviin kehon antropometrisiin muuttujiin voidaan vaikuttaa ravinnolla.
Background. Exercise results in increased blood flow to the active skeletal muscles, which have potential to enhance delivery of nutrients to target receptors. The combined effect of muscular contraction and the increased availability of nutrients have the potential to enhance training responses. The purpose of this study was to examine, if the nutritional variances between individuals are associated with the responses and adaptations of heavy resistance training (RT) in muscle and blood.
Methods. The test group consisted of 21 young men (18-30 years) who did not have a regular RT background. They went through supervised RT program practicing two times a week for 21 weeks. Their maximum strength, muscle size, muscle fiber types, body composition and hormonal content of the blood were measured in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the study. The strength test consisted of bilateral dynamic leg press in David 200-eguipment (David Fitness and Medical, Finland). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after 21 week training period from the vastus lateralis muscle using Bergström’s 5 mm biopsy needle technique. The muscle fiber types were determined by histochemical ATPase colouring (Brooke & Kaiser 1970). The sizes of the cells were determined by anti-dystrofin antibody. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle was determined before and after 21 week training period using magnetic resonance system (MRI) (GE Signa Exite HD 1.5 T) and analyzed with OsiriX (version 2.7.5) software. Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein before the muscle work, right after exercise, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after exercise. Serum hormones were analyzed with an immunometric chemiluminescence method with an Immulite® 1000 (DPC, Los Angeles, USA). The dietary diaries were registered during four to five consecutive days around the other measurements. The diaries were analyzed using the Micro Nutrica nutrient analysis software version 3.11 (The Social Insurance Institution of Finland). The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19 software. Mean value, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation, student’s t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and regression analysis were used.
Results. During 21 weeks of resistance training maximal strength (p<0.001), the sizes of type 1 and type 2 muscle cells (p=0.001), the surface area of QF (p<0.001), the body weight (p<0.001) and the lean body mass increased. The consumption of protein (g/kg body mass/d) increased (p=0.047) from the beginning to the end of the study. The consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids (r= -0.534, p =0.018) and fat (r= -0.473, p=0.041) correlated inversely with absolute 1RM development. The water consumption (r= -0.557, p= 0.025) correlated inversely with absolute cell type 1 and 2 size changes. Especially the amount of water (r=0.687, p=0.001) and carbohydrates (r=0.608, p=0.006) correlated with the increase of percentage fat. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (p<0.001) and growth hormone (GH) (p=0.049) levels rose after the single exercise. Cortisol levels right after muscle stress correlated inversely with the amount of cholesterol (r =- 0.747, p=0.008). Especially water (r=0.785, p<0.001) correlated with insulin levels after exercise. The basal levels of hormones or their changes induced by training did not correlate with any chronic training adaptations in muscle (p>0.05).
Conclusions. The regular resistance training increases the consumption of protein, however if dietary recommendations are met, the individual differences in protein or carbohydrate consumption do not affect the chronic adaptations in the muscle. The effect of vitamin D on chronic adaptations is interesting and has to be studied more in future. Hormonal elevations of insulin and cortisol after RE can be affected by nutrition. Also the changes in body composition during 21 weeks of RT can be affected by nutrition.
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Katajavuori, Marja", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2014-02-06T12:36:30Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2014-02-06T12:36:30Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2014", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1307988", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/42913", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Taustatieto. Harjoittelu saa aikaan lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyneen verenvirtauksen aktiivisissa luurankolihaksissa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 mahdollistaa ravintoaineiden paremman kulkeutumisen kohdereseptoreilleen. Lihassupistuksen ja lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyneen ravintoaineiden kulkeutumismahdollisuuden yhteisvaikutus mahdollistaa harjoitusvasteiden paranemisen. T\u00e4m\u00e4n pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoitus oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, onko yksil\u00f6iden ravitsemuksellisilla eroilla ja raskaan voimaharjoittelun aiheuttamilla lihaksen ja veren vasteilla yhteytt\u00e4.\n\nMenetelm\u00e4t. Koehenkil\u00f6ryhm\u00e4ss\u00e4 oli 21 nuorta miest\u00e4 (ik\u00e4 18 - 30 vuotta), joilla ei ollut aiempaa kokemusta s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisest\u00e4 kuntosaliharjoittelusta. He harjoittelivat kuntosalilla ohjatusti kahdesti viikossa 21 viikon ajan. Tutkimuksen alussa, puoliv\u00e4liss\u00e4 ja lopussa heilt\u00e4 mitattiin maksimivoima, lihaksen pinta-ala, lihassolutyypit, kehonkoostumus ja veren hormonipitoisuudet. Voimatesti koostui bilateraalisesta dynaamisesta jalkapr\u00e4ssist\u00e4 David 200-laitteessa (David Fitness and Medical, Finland). Lihassolun\u00e4ytteet otettiin nelip\u00e4isest\u00e4 reisilihaksesta Bergstr\u00f6min 5 mm:n lihassolun\u00e4yteneulatekniikalla ennen ja j\u00e4lkeen 21 viikon harjoittelun. Lihassolutyypit m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin histokemiallisella ATPaasi v\u00e4rj\u00e4yksell\u00e4 (Brooke & Kaiser 1970). Lihassolujen koot m\u00e4\u00e4riteltiin anti-dystrofiini vasta-aineella. Ennen ja j\u00e4lkeen 21 viikon harjoittelun nelip\u00e4isen reisilihaksen poikkipinta-ala m\u00e4\u00e4ritettiin magneettikuvauksella (GE Signa Exite HD 1.5 T) ja analysoitiin OsiriX-ohjelmalla (versio 2.7.5). Verin\u00e4ytteet otettiin kyyn\u00e4rtaivelaskimosta ennen lihasty\u00f6t\u00e4, heti lihasty\u00f6n j\u00e4lkeen, 15 minuuttia ja 30 minuuttia harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeen. Seerumin hormonit analysoitiin Immulite\u00ae 1000-laitteella (DPC, Los Angeles, USA). Ravintop\u00e4iv\u00e4kirjoja t\u00e4ytettiin 4 - 5 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n aikana muiden mittausp\u00e4ivien l\u00e4heisyydess\u00e4. P\u00e4iv\u00e4kirjat analysoitiin Micro Nutrica ravintoanalyysi -ohjelman versiolla 3.11 (The Social Insurance Institution of Finland). Materiaali analysoitiin IBM SPSS 19 tilasto-ohjelmalla, jossa k\u00e4ytettiin keskiarvoa, keskihajontaa, Pearsonin korrelaatiota, Studentin t-testi\u00e4, toistomittausten ANOVAa ja regressioanalyysia.\n\nTulokset. Voimaharjoittelu lis\u00e4si maksimivoimaa (p<0,001), tyypin 1 ja 2 lihassolujen kokoa (p<0,001), nelip\u00e4isen reisilihaksen pinta-alaa (p<0,001), kehon painoa (p<0,001) sek\u00e4 rasvattoman massan m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 (p<0,001). Proteiinin kulutus (g/kg kehon paino/vrk) kasvoi (p=0,047) harjoittelujakson aikana. Nautittujen tyydyttyneiden rasvahappojen (r= -0,534, p =0,018) ja rasvan m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 (r= -0,473, p=0,041) korreloivat k\u00e4\u00e4nteisesti maksimivoiman absoluuttisen kehityksen kanssa. Nautitun veden m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 korreloi k\u00e4\u00e4nteisesti lihassolujen absoluuttisen pinta-alan kasvun kanssa (r= -0,557, p= 0,025). Erityisesti veden (r=0,687, p=0,001) ja hiilihydraattien (r=0,608, p=0,006) nauttiminen korreloi kehon rasvaprosentin lis\u00e4\u00e4ntymisen kanssa. SHBG -hormonin (p<0,001) ja kasvuhormonin (p=0,049) tasot nousivat yksitt\u00e4isen harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeen. Harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeiset kortisolitasot korreloivat k\u00e4\u00e4nteisesti kolesterolin m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n kanssa (r = - 0,747, p=0,008). Erityisesti vesi (r=0,785, p=0,000) korreloi harjoituksen j\u00e4lkeisen insuliinitason kanssa. Lepotilan hormonitasot tai kuormituksen j\u00e4lkeiset hormonitasojen nousut eiv\u00e4t korreloineet lihasten kroonisten harjoitteluvasteiden kanssa (p>0,05).\n\nJohtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6kset. S\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisen voimaharjoittelun aikana proteiinin k\u00e4ytt\u00f6 lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyy. Kun sy\u00f6d\u00e4\u00e4n ravintosuositusten mukaisesti, ei kuitenkaan yksil\u00f6iden v\u00e4lisill\u00e4 nautittujen proteiinien tai hiilihydraattien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4ll\u00e4 t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkimuksessa ole vaikutusta lihaksen kroonisiin harjoitteluvasteisiin. D-vitamiinin osuus kroonisissa harjoitteluvasteissa on mielenkiintoinen ja jatkossa sit\u00e4 tulee tutkia enemm\u00e4n. Ravinnolla voidaan vaikuttaa insuliini- ja kortisolitasojen akuuttiin nousuun voimaharjoittelun j\u00e4lkeen. My\u00f6s 21 viikon voimaharjoittelujakson aikana tapahtuviin kehon antropometrisiin muuttujiin voidaan vaikuttaa ravinnolla.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Background. Exercise results in increased blood flow to the active skeletal muscles, which have potential to enhance delivery of nutrients to target receptors. The combined effect of muscular contraction and the increased availability of nutrients have the potential to enhance training responses. The purpose of this study was to examine, if the nutritional variances between individuals are associated with the responses and adaptations of heavy resistance training (RT) in muscle and blood.\n\nMethods. The test group consisted of 21 young men (18-30 years) who did not have a regular RT background. They went through supervised RT program practicing two times a week for 21 weeks. Their maximum strength, muscle size, muscle fiber types, body composition and hormonal content of the blood were measured in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the study. The strength test consisted of bilateral dynamic leg press in David 200-eguipment (David Fitness and Medical, Finland). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after 21 week training period from the vastus lateralis muscle using Bergstr\u00f6m\u2019s 5 mm biopsy needle technique. The muscle fiber types were determined by histochemical ATPase colouring (Brooke & Kaiser 1970). The sizes of the cells were determined by anti-dystrofin antibody. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle was determined before and after 21 week training period using magnetic resonance system (MRI) (GE Signa Exite HD 1.5 T) and analyzed with OsiriX (version 2.7.5) software. Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein before the muscle work, right after exercise, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after exercise. Serum hormones were analyzed with an immunometric chemiluminescence method with an Immulite\u00ae 1000 (DPC, Los Angeles, USA). The dietary diaries were registered during four to five consecutive days around the other measurements. The diaries were analyzed using the Micro Nutrica nutrient analysis software version 3.11 (The Social Insurance Institution of Finland). The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19 software. Mean value, standard deviation, Pearson\u2019s correlation, student\u2019s t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and regression analysis were used.\n\nResults. During 21 weeks of resistance training maximal strength (p<0.001), the sizes of type 1 and type 2 muscle cells (p=0.001), the surface area of QF (p<0.001), the body weight (p<0.001) and the lean body mass increased. The consumption of protein (g/kg body mass/d) increased (p=0.047) from the beginning to the end of the study. The consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids (r= -0.534, p =0.018) and fat (r= -0.473, p=0.041) correlated inversely with absolute 1RM development. The water consumption (r= -0.557, p= 0.025) correlated inversely with absolute cell type 1 and 2 size changes. Especially the amount of water (r=0.687, p=0.001) and carbohydrates (r=0.608, p=0.006) correlated with the increase of percentage fat. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (p<0.001) and growth hormone (GH) (p=0.049) levels rose after the single exercise. Cortisol levels right after muscle stress correlated inversely with the amount of cholesterol (r =- 0.747, p=0.008). Especially water (r=0.785, p<0.001) correlated with insulin levels after exercise. The basal levels of hormones or their changes induced by training did not correlate with any chronic training adaptations in muscle (p>0.05).\n\nConclusions. The regular resistance training increases the consumption of protein, however if dietary recommendations are met, the individual differences in protein or carbohydrate consumption do not affect the chronic adaptations in the muscle. The effect of vitamin D on chronic adaptations is interesting and has to be studied more in future. Hormonal elevations of insulin and cortisol after RE can be affected by nutrition. Also the changes in body composition during 21 weeks of RT can be affected by nutrition.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Marja Katajavuori (maankata) on 2014-02-06 12:36:29.754416. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (1 tekij\u00e4) (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake-1-tekijae). 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