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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Salo, Kristiina", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2013-11-06T20:14:35Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2013-11-06T20:14:35Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2013", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.other", "value": "oai:jykdok.linneanet.fi:1286856", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/42425", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Salo Kristiina 2013. Varusmiesten hermo-lihasj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n muutokset 8 viikkoa kest\u00e4v\u00e4n armeijan peruskoulutuskauden aikana talviolosuhteissa. Liikuntabiologian laitos, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto. Biomekaniikan pro gradu, 70 s.\r\n\r\nTutkimusty\u00f6n tavoitteena oli tutkia talvella tapahtuvan ja 8 viikkoa kest\u00e4v\u00e4n armeijan peruskoulutuskauden vaikutukset hermolihasj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n toimintaan ja voimantuottokykyyn, vertailla niiss\u00e4 havaittujen muutosten yhteytt\u00e4 maksimaaliseen hapenottokykyyn (VO2max) sek\u00e4 arvioida mahdollista ylikuormittumista. Koehenkil\u00f6in\u00e4 oli 24 mieshenkil\u00f6\u00e4 (18\u201321 vuotiaita). Heid\u00e4t jaettiin edelleen kolmeen eri kuntoryhm\u00e4\u00e4n (G1 hyv\u00e4 > 46.0 ml/kg/min; G2 keskinkertainen = 40.0 \u2013 45.9 ml/kg/min; G3 alhainen < 39.9 ml/kg/min) perustuen maksimaalisen hapenottokyvyn (VO2max) tulokseen, joka mitattiin peruskoulutuskauden alussa.\r\n\r\nH-refleksi (Hmax/Mmax) mitattiin levossa ja V\u2013aalto (V/Mmax) maksimaalisen isometrisen plantaarifleksion aikana Soleus -lihaksesta peruskoulutuskaudella 1, 5 ja 8 viikon koh-dalla. Maksimaalinen jalan ojennusvoima (MVC) ja r\u00e4j\u00e4ht\u00e4v\u00e4 voimantuottokyky mitattiin huippuvoimana (0-500ms) nelip\u00e4isest\u00e4 reisilihaksesta maksimaalisen isometrisen suorituksen aikana jalkapenkkipr\u00e4ssiss\u00e4 samoissa aikapisteiss\u00e4. Lihasaktiivisuus mitat-tiin jalkapenkkipr\u00e4ssiss\u00e4 EMG signaaleilla ulommasta ja sisemm\u00e4st\u00e4 reisilihaksesta. Passiivinen lihasnyk\u00e4ysvaste mitattiin kolmip\u00e4isest\u00e4 pohjelihaksesta. Maksimaalinen hapenottokyky (VO2max) testattiin ensimm\u00e4isen viikon lis\u00e4ksi my\u00f6s viikoilla 5 ja 8.\r\nTutkimuksen p\u00e4\u00e4l\u00f6yd\u00f6ksi\u00e4 olivat aerobiselta kuntotasoltaan erikuntoisten alokkaiden hermolihasj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n muuttujissa (H \u2013 refleksi ja V \u2013 aalto) havaitut erot. T\u00e4m\u00e4 oli havaittavissa erityisesti V \u2013 aaltovasteissa, jotka olivat tilastollisesti alhaisemmat huonokuntoisemmalla ryhm\u00e4ll\u00e4 koko peruskoulutuskauden ajan. H \u2013 refleksi oli tilastolli-sesti korkeampi G1 ryhm\u00e4ll\u00e4 5 viikon harjoittelun j\u00e4lkeen verrattuna molempiin G2 ja G3 ryhmiin (G2 -39 % p < 0.01, G3 -32 % p < 0.05). H \u2013 refleksi kasvoi merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti vain ryhm\u00e4n G2 sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 ja viimeisen 3 harjoitusviikon aikana (38 % p < 0.05). V \u2013 aalto oli merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti alhaisempi G3 ryhm\u00e4ll\u00e4 verrattuna G1 ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n peruskoulutuskauden alussa, 5 viikon j\u00e4lkeen sek\u00e4 kauden lopussa (-40 % - -57 % p < 0.01 - 0.05). Lihasvoiman muuttujissa (jalan ojennusliikkeen MVC sek\u00e4 r\u00e4j\u00e4ht\u00e4v\u00e4n voimantuotto) ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 muutoksia ryhmien sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 tai niiden v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Passiivinen lihasnyk\u00e4ys osoitti merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti korkeampi arvoja G1 ryhm\u00e4lle verrattuna G2 ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n 5 viikon harjoittelun j\u00e4lkeen (-28 % p < 0.05). aEMG500 / aEMGmax \u2013 suhde osoitti mer-kitsevi\u00e4 l\u00f6yd\u00f6ksi\u00e4 G3 ryhm\u00e4n sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 harjoitusviikoilla 1 ja 5 (-35 % p < 0.05). Maksi-maalisen hapenottokyvyn (VO2max) arvot kasvoivat kaikissa ryhmiss\u00e4 koko peruskoulu-tuskauden ajan. Tilastollisesti merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4t VO2max muutokset n\u00e4kyiv\u00e4t ryhmiss\u00e4 G1 ja G2, mitk\u00e4 olivat merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti korkeammat verrattuna ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n G3 5 viikon j\u00e4lkeen (G1 -27 % \r\np < 0.01, G2 -20 % p < 0.01) sek\u00e4 8 viikon j\u00e4lkeen (G1 -25 % p < 0.01, G2 -21 % p < 0.01).\r\n\r\nTutkimuksen johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6s oli, ett\u00e4 hyv\u00e4kuntoisten alokkaiden huomattavasti paremmat H-refleksivasteet osoittavat heikompaa hermolihasj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n adaptoitumista niill\u00e4, joilla on huonompi aerobinen suorituskyky. T\u00e4t\u00e4 johtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6st\u00e4 tukee my\u00f6s hyv\u00e4kuntoisten alokkaiden korkeammat V-aaltovasteet, kun verrattiin niit\u00e4 heikompikuntoisten vasteisiin kaikilla mittausviikoilla. Heikko sentraalinen aktiivisuus voi yleisesti johtaa suo-rituskyvyn heikkenemiseen ja sen vuoksi jopa sotilaskoulutuksen keskeytyksiin. Tietyn-lainen harjoittelu voi parantaa n\u00e4it\u00e4 tuloksia, kun aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on todettu jopa 3-4 viikon voimaharjoittelun osoittavan kasvua hermolihasj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n vasteissa. Passiivisen lihasnyk\u00e4yksen tuloksissa ei havaittu huomattavia muutoksia, mik\u00e4 osoittaa, ett\u00e4 lihaksen voimantuotto-ominaisuudet eiv\u00e4t heikentyneet, mutta eiv\u00e4t my\u00f6sk\u00e4\u00e4n ke-hittyneet peruskoulutuskauden aikana. Ylikuormittumisesta ei havaittu merkkej\u00e4 miss\u00e4\u00e4n ryhmiss\u00e4, kun tarkasteltiin voimantuoton ja aerobisen suorituskyvyn tuloksia.\r\n\r\nAvainsanat: Aerobinen suorituskyky, hermolihasj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n v\u00e4syminen, ylikuormitus", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Salo Kristiina 2013. Neuromuscular adaptation of conscripts during an 8-week military basic training period in Finnish winter conditions. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Master\u2019s Thesis of Biomechanics, 70 p.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of neuromuscular adaptation, whether aerobic capacity (VO2max) is related to the neuromuscular adaptation and \r\npossible overreaching of the neuromuscular system during 8 weeks of basic training (BT) in winter conditions. 24 male conscripts (18-21 years) participated in the study. They were divided into three groups (G1 good; G2 moderate; G3 low) based on their VO2max \r\nvalues at the beginning of BT. Good > 46.0 ml/kg/min for group 1; moderate 40.0 -45.9 ml/kg/min for group 2; low < 39.9 ml/kg/min for group 3.\r\n\r\nH\u2013reflex (Hmax/Mmax) at rest and V\u2013wave (V/Mmax) during maximal isometric plantar flexion were measured from the soleus muscle in the beginning, after 5 weeks and at the end of 8 week long BT. Maximal leg extension force (MVC) and rapid force production as a peak force (0-500ms) were measured from quadriceps muscle group during maximal isometric leg bench press at the same time points. Muscle activity was measured in the same leg bench press with EMG signals from Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis muscles. Passive twitch response was measured from Triceps Surae muscle.\r\n\r\nThe major finding of this study was the differences observed in the neural activity (H\u2013reflex and V\u2013wave) in conscripts of different aerobic fitness level. This was seen \r\nespecially in V-wave responses which were significantly lower in the poor aerobic capacity group during the entire BT period. H\u2013reflex was significantly higher in G1 after 5 weeks of training compared to both G2 and G3 (G2 -39% p < 0.01, G3 -32% p < 0.05). \r\nH-reflex increased significantly only within G2 and during the last 3 weeks of training (38 % p < 0.05). V\u2013wave was significantly lower in G3 compared to G1 in the beginning, after 5 weeks and at the end of BT (from -40 % to -57 % p < 0.01 - 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups or changes in any of the groups in leg extension MVC or in rapid force production during the basic training. Passive twitch\r\nshowed significantly higher values in G1 than in G2 during the fifth week of training \r\n(-28% p < 0.05). aEMG500 / aEMGmax \u2013 ratio from right leg extension showed significant findings within G3 between training weeks 1 and 5 (-35 % p < 0.05). The aerobic capacity measures (VO2max) showed a rising development for all groups during the entire basic training period. Statistically significant differences of VO2max were observed in groups G1 and G2 which were significantly higher compared to group G3 after 5 weeks (G1 -27% \r\np < 0.01, G2 -20% p < 0.01) and after 8 weeks (G1 -25% p < 0.01, G2 -21% p < 0.01).\r\n\r\nIn conclusion significantly better H \u2013 reflex response for good level conscripts indicates weaker neuromuscular adaptation of those with poor in aerobic fitness level. This conclusion is also supported by the higher V \u2013 wave responses of the good level conscripts versus low in every week the measurements were made. Weaker central activity can lead to overall decrease in performance and therefore even to interruptions from military training. Certain type of training could improve these results while even 3-4 weeks of strength training has been shown to increase the neuromuscular responses. Passive twitch showed no significant change which indicates the muscle properties did not weaken but did not develop either. There were also no signs of overreaching in any group based on the measured force production and aerobic capacity values.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Aerobic capacity, neuromuscular fatigue, overreaching", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Kristiina Salo (krmasalo) on 2013-11-06 20:14:35.391614. Form: Pro gradu -lomake (1 tekij\u00e4) (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/pro-gradu-lomake-1-tekijae). 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