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[{"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Ahola, Sari", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2013-01-24T08:41:00Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2013-01-24T08:41:00Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2012", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/40753", "language": "", "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "YLEISTEN KIELITUTKINTOJEN LAATIJOIDEN K\u00c4SITYKSI\u00c4 KIELEST\u00c4 JA TEHT\u00c4VIEN LAADINNASTA\r\n\r\nJyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4: Soveltavan kielentutkimuksen keskus, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto 2012, Lisensiaattitutkielma.\r\n\r\nTutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin yleisten kielitutkintojen laatijoiden k\u00e4sityksi\u00e4 kielest\u00e4 ja heid\u00e4n kokemuksiaan ja n\u00e4kemyksi\u00e4\u00e4n teht\u00e4vien laadinnasta. Yleisiss\u00e4 kielitut-kinnoissa toimii jokaisessa yhdeks\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkintokieless\u00e4 laatijatiimi, jossa ty\u00f6skentelee 3\u201310 laatijaa tutkintokielest\u00e4 riippuen. Aktiivisesti toimivia laatijoita on noin 40 laatijaa, joista tutkimukseen osallistui 32 laatijaa eri tutkintokielten laatijatiimeist\u00e4. Tutkimusaineisto ker\u00e4ttiin vuosina 2008\u20132010, ja se koostui kirjallisesta kyselyst\u00e4 ja teemahaastatteluista. Aineistonkeruussa ja analyysissa sovellettiin kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen l\u00e4ht\u00f6kohtia. Tutkimusta voidaan pit\u00e4\u00e4 toimintatutkimuksena, sill\u00e4 tutkimustulosten avulla pyrit\u00e4\u00e4n kehitt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n yleisten kielitutkintojen laadinnan ohjausta ja saamaan laatijat pohtimaan kielitaitok\u00e4sityksi\u00e4\u00e4n ja omaa toimintaansa laatijana.\r\nTutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvitt\u00e4\u00e4, millainen kielitaitok\u00e4sitys laatijoilla on ja miten yhtenev\u00e4isi\u00e4 heid\u00e4n k\u00e4sityksens\u00e4 ovat yleisi\u00e4 kielitutkintoja ohjaavan funktionaalisen kielitaitok\u00e4sityksen kanssa sek\u00e4 mitk\u00e4 asiat ovat vaikuttaneet laatijoiden k\u00e4sityksiin kielest\u00e4 ja kielitaidosta. T\u00e4m\u00e4n lis\u00e4ksi tutkimuksen avulla pyrittiin kuvaamaan, millainen yleisten kielitutkintojen laatijoiden laadintaprosessi on ja mitk\u00e4 asiat aiheuttivat laadintaprosessin aikana ongelmia ja millaiset asiat taas koettiin helppoina teht\u00e4vien laadinnassa. \r\nTutkimustulosten perusteella laatijoilla oli erilaisia k\u00e4sityksi\u00e4 kielest\u00e4 ja kielitaidosta ja heid\u00e4t voitiin jakaa kolmeen eri ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n sen mukaan, miten he olivat sis\u00e4ist\u00e4neet toiminnallisen kielitaitok\u00e4sityksen. Osalla laatijoista kielitaitok\u00e4sitys oli muuttunut hyvin formaalisesta k\u00e4sityksest\u00e4 toiminnalliseen suuntaan ja heist\u00e4 hyv\u00e4 kielitaito oli taitoa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kielt\u00e4 arkip\u00e4iv\u00e4n tilanteiden edellytt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 tavalla. Toisilla taas k\u00e4sitykset kielitaidosta vaihtelivat tilanteiden mukaan, sill\u00e4 tilanteesta riippuen he korostivat vastauksissaan joko kielen muodon merkityst\u00e4 tai sopivan kielenk\u00e4yt\u00f6n hallintaa sosiaalisissa tilanteissa. N\u00e4iden lis\u00e4ksi oli viel\u00e4 laatijoita, jotka selke\u00e4sti vasta etsiv\u00e4t omaa k\u00e4sityst\u00e4\u00e4n. He kertoivat arvostavansa funktionaalista n\u00e4kemyst\u00e4 kielest\u00e4, mutta kuitenkin heille kielen oikeellisuus ja puhtaus oli hyvin t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4. Yhteist\u00e4 suurimmalle osalle laatijoille oli se, ett\u00e4 kielitaidossa arvostettiin joka taitotasolla sanastoa. Sanaston merkitys n\u00e4kyi etenkin siin\u00e4, ett\u00e4 laatijat hahmottivat kielitaidon kehityksen ja eri taitotasot sanaston kautta. Koulutus, ty\u00f6kokemus ja kokemus yleisist\u00e4 kielitutkinnoista olivat laatijoiden vastausten perusteella kolme t\u00e4rkeint\u00e4 asiaa, jotka vaikuttivat k\u00e4sitysten taustalla, ja ne my\u00f6s voimakkaimmin olivat vaikuttaneet kielik\u00e4sitysten muuttumiseen.\r\nTutkimus toi my\u00f6s esiin, ett\u00e4 laadintaprosessin aikana oli l\u00f6ydett\u00e4viss\u00e4 asioita, jotka aiheuttivat useille laatijoille joko ongelmia tai niit\u00e4 pidettiin yleisesti helppoina asioina laadinnassa. Ongelmia aiheuttivat sopivan materiaalin l\u00f6yt\u00e4mi-nen, taitotason m\u00e4\u00e4rittely, osioiden muotoilu ja oma ajank\u00e4ytt\u00f6 laadintaprosessin aikana. Helppona asiana mainittiin se, ett\u00e4 teht\u00e4v\u00e4materiaalia oli saatavilla helposti Internetist\u00e4 ja laatijan omasta el\u00e4m\u00e4npiirist\u00e4. My\u00f6s toisten teht\u00e4vien kommentointia pidettiin helppona ja hyvin tarpeellisena vaiheena laadintaprosessissa. \r\nTutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, ett\u00e4 yleisten kielitutkintojen laadintaa ja sen ohjausta on tarpeellista kehitt\u00e4\u00e4 ja uudistaa laadintaprosessin eri vaiheissa. Jotta kielitaitoa voidaan mitata teht\u00e4vien avulla mahdollisimman luotet-tavasti ja monipuolisesti, on laatijat hyv\u00e4 ohjata kiinnitt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n enemm\u00e4n huomiota mm. eri kielenk\u00e4ytt\u00f6funktioiden, ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen tasojen sek\u00e4 kielen pragmaattis-ten ja sosiolingvististen taitojen soveltamiseen ja k\u00e4ytt\u00e4miseen teht\u00e4viss\u00e4. N\u00e4in my\u00f6s tuetaan teht\u00e4v\u00e4n laadintaa ohjaavan kielitaitok\u00e4sityksen ja yleisten kielitut-kintojen perusteiden ja laadintaohjeiden merkityst\u00e4 laadintaprosessin aikana.", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Item writer views on language and the item writing process in the National Cer-tificates of Language Proficiency\r\n\t\r\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the views that item writers of the National Certificates of Language Proficiency (NC) have on language and discover how consistent their views are with NC\u2019s functional view of language and which factors have influenced these views on language and language ability. Furthermore, the aim was to describe the entire item writing process and to point out issues which cause problems and matters which were considered easy during the item writing process. \r\nThere are about 40 active item writers in NC, 32 of which took part in this study. In NC, tests can be taken in nine different languages and each language has its own item writing team of about three to ten item writers. The data were gathered during 2008-2010 and consist of filled-in questionnaires and taped interviews. Quantitative research methods were used for data analysis. This study can be considered action research, since the outcome of this study aims to develop the item writing process and its guidance and to have item writers reflect on their beliefs and views of language, and their work as an item writer. \r\nResults indicate that there is variety in the item writers\u2019 views on language and language knowledge and skills. On the basis of study results, these views can be divided into three groups according to the ways item writers had internalized the functional view of language. In the first group, the view of language had changed from a very formal and structural view to the functional view of language. In the second group, views varied according to the situations. Depending on the language situation, these item writers were underlining either the form or use of language. Item writers in the third group were still seeking their view of language. They told that they appreciate the functional view of language, but that they valued correctness and purity in the language. Common to all item writers was that they considered vocabulary an important language skill and defined the development of language ability and language proficiency levels on the basis of vocabulary. Education, work experience, qualifications and experience in language testing in NC were the three most important ideas that affected their views of language and the change in the views of language.\r\nThe study brought out that during the item writing process, the item writers had common problems which include finding suitable material for items, defining the skill level, formulating items and finding time for writing items. Item writers found it easiest in the item writing process to give feedback to other item writers\u2019 work.\r\nThe results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develop guidance for item writers in the different stages of the item writing process and to revise some practices. It is also important to point out the meaning of different language functions, different levels of understanding and pragmatic and sociolinguistic competence in test tasks. These ideas support the language view offered in the test system, as well as the framework and specifications of NC.", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted using Plone Publishing form by Sari Ahola (satoivol) on 2013-01-24 08:40:59.621988. Form: Lisensiaatinty\u00f6-lomake (https://kirjasto.jyu.fi/julkaisut/julkaisulomakkeet/lisensiaatintyo-lomake). JyX data:", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija@noreply.fi) on 2013-01-24T08:41:00Z\r\nNo. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201301241110.pdf: 1888442 bytes, checksum: 96ea1f39b816b6998f5d247ca906a6d0 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 5015 bytes, checksum: 9e21d2efbf415cca54c19e3c650cfb2f (MD5)", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-24T08:41:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2\r\nURN:NBN:fi:jyu-201301241110.pdf: 1888442 bytes, checksum: 96ea1f39b816b6998f5d247ca906a6d0 (MD5)\r\nlicense.html: 5015 bytes, checksum: 9e21d2efbf415cca54c19e3c650cfb2f (MD5)\r\n Previous issue date: 2012", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.extent", "value": "216 sivua", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "extent", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.format.mimetype", "value": "application/pdf", "language": null, "element": "format", "qualifier": "mimetype", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.language.iso", "value": "fin", "language": null, "element": "language", "qualifier": "iso", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.rights", "value": "In Copyright", "language": null, "element": "rights", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "teht\u00e4vien laadinta", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kielitaitok\u00e4sitykset", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kielitaidon arviointi", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "kielitaidon osataidot", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.other", "value": "teht\u00e4v\u00e4tyypit", "language": "", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "other", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.title", "value": "Yleisten kielitutkintojen laatijoiden k\u00e4sityksi\u00e4 kielest\u00e4 ja teht\u00e4vien laadinnasta", "language": null, "element": "title", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type", "value": "licentiate thesis", "language": null, "element": "type", "qualifier": null, "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.urn", "value": "URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201301241110", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "urn", 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Applied Language Studies", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "department", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4", "language": "en", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.organization", "value": "Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto", "language": "fi", "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "organization", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Soveltavan kielitieteen maisteriopinnot", "language": "fi", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.subject.discipline", "value": "Master's Degree Programme in Applied Linguistics", "language": "en", "element": "subject", "qualifier": "discipline", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.updated", "value": "2013-01-24T08:41:00Z", "language": "", "element": "date", "qualifier": "updated", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.type.coar", "value": 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