| Summary: | In this work the basic formalism of non-equilibrium Green’s functions is presented and then applied to study a Ward identity in linear response theory, namely the frequency sum-rule. It can be proven that the frequency sum-rule is satisfied when the quantities involved are calculated using perturbation theory within a conserving approximation for the self-energy. To illustrate this equality
along with other properties of the response function, a numerical application that solves the Kadanoff-Baym equations for systems of Hubbard chains was used. The results showed that the frequency sum-rule was satisfied to the same extent by all the conserving approximations used as by the exact diagonalization numerical results. The density response function was analyzed diagrammatically
for a series of conserving approximations for the self-energy and this demonstrated that even for a first order in perturbation theory approximation for the self-energy, the response function has a corresponding complex, third order in the perturbation diagrammatic structure.
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