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Rajala, VJ., 2025. Comparative analysis of ventilatory threshold responses during cycling and treadmill exercise in triathletes. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Master’s thesis, 42 pages. 2 appendices.
Background: The understanding of physiological responses to exercise is essential knowledge, not only for enhancing athletic performance, but also in the field of sport medicine. Key metrics for assessing endurance performance are the ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). The primary objective of this study was to investigate and compare cardiovascular and respiratory thresholds and further responses between exercise modalities in a controlled laboratory setting. Chosen exercise modalities were cycling and treadmill exercise.
Methods: Fourteen male triathletes participated in randomized crossover study, performing two maximal cardiopulmonary tests (CPETs): one on a cycle ergometry, and one on a treadmill with ski poles. The ventilatory thresholds were identified by using breath-by-breath gas exchange analysis and compared between the two exercise modalities. Same was done for the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Participant characteristics such as age, body mass index (BMI), muscle mass and body fat percentage were also analyzed for their association with VT1 and VT2.
Results: Both VT1 and VT2 occurred at significantly higher absolute (L/min) and relative (ml/kg/min) V̇O2, and at higher percentage of V̇O2max values during treadmill exercise when compared to cycling. Mean difference (L/min) for VT1 was -0.533 (95% CI -0.658 to -0.408, p <0.001) and for VT2 -0.478 (95% CI -0.617 to -0.339, p<0.001). Participant characteristics such as age, BMI, muscle mass and body fat percentage showed minimal predictive ability between VTs. During treadmill exercise, VT1 and BMI, and VT2 and muscle mass were associated with each other. None of the characteristics were linked between VTs and cycling. Both absolute and relative V̇O2max occurred higher during treadmill exercise than cycling. With mean difference (L/min) of -0.364 (95% CI -0.478 to -0.249, p<0.001).
Conclusion: This study provided insights into the influence of exercise modality on ventilatory thresholds. The results suggested that the exercise modality impacts the VTs and V̇O2max values. These results were majorly in alignment with previous research.
Key words: ventilatory thresholds, exercise modalities, oxygen uptake, endurance athletes
Rajala, VJ., 2025. Comparative analysis of ventilatory threshold responses during cycling and treadmill exercise in triathletes. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyväskylän yliopisto, (Liikuntalääketiede) pro gradu -tutkielma, 42 s, 2 liitettä.
Tausta: Liikunnan fysiologisten vasteiden ymmärtäminen on olennaista niin urheilullisen suorituskyvyn parantamiseksi, kuin myös liikuntalääketieteiden alalle. Keskeisimmät kestävyyssuorituskyvyn arvioinnin mittarit ovat ventilaatiokynnykset (VTs) ja maksimaalinen hapenottokyky (V̇O2max). Tämän tutkielman päätavoitteena on kartoittaa ja vertailla näitä kynnyksiä ja mittareita ja muita vasteita eri harjoitusmuotojen välillä, kontrolloidussa laboratorioympäristössä. Valitut harjoitusmuodot olivat pyöräily ja juoksumattoharjoittelu.
Menetelmät: Neljätoista miestriathlonistia osallistui satunnaistettuun crossover-tutkimukseen, jossa he suorittivat kaksi maksimaalista kardiopulmonaalista testiä (CPETs): yhden polkupyörä ergometrilla ja toisen juoksumatolla hiihtosauvojen kanssa. Ventilaatiokynnykset määriteltiin käyttämällä kaasuanalyysiä ja verrattiin kahden harjoitusmuodon välillä. Sama tehtiin V̇O2max:n osalta. Osallistujien ominaisuuksia, kuten ikää, painoindeksiä (BMI), lihasmassaa ja kehon rasvaprosenttia analysoitiin niiden yhteyksien suhteen VT1:n ja VT2:n kanssa.
Tulokset: VT1 ja VT2 molemmat ilmenivät merkitsevästi korkeammilla absoluuttisilla (L/min) ja relatiivisella (ml/kg/min) V̇O2 arvoilla ja korkeammalla prosenttiosuudella V̇O2max:sta juoksumattoharjoittelun aikana verrattuna pyöräergometriin. Keskimääräinen ero (L/min) VT1:lle oli -0.533 (95 % CI -0.658 - -0.408, p <0.001) ja VT2:lle VT2 -0.478 (95 % CI -0.617 - -0.339, p<0.001). Osallistujien ominaisuudet (ikä, BMI, lihasmassa ja kehon rasvaprosentti) osoittivat minimaalista assosiaatiota VTs:n välillä. Juoksumattoharjoittelun aikana VT1 ja BMI, sekä VT2 ja lihasmassa olivat yhteydessä toisiinsa. Mikään ominaisuuksista ei liittynyt VTs:n ja pyöräergometrin välillä. Absoluuttinen ja suhteellinen V̇O2max esiintyivät molemmat korkeammalla juoksumattoharjoittelun aikana kuin pyörä ergometrilla. Keskimääräinen ero (L/min) oli -0.364 (95 % CI -0.478 - -0.249, p<0.001).
Johtopäätös: Tämä tutkielma antoi tietoa harjoitusmuotojen vaikutuksesta ventilaatiokynnyksiin. Tulokset viittasivat siihen, että harjoitusmuodolla on vaikutus VTs ja V̇O2max:n. Nämä tulokset olivat pitkälti linjassa aikaisempien tutkimuksien kanssa.
Asiasanat: ventilaatiokynnykset, harjoitusmuodot, hapenottokyky, kestävyysurheilijat
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[{"key": "dc.contributor.advisor", "value": "Haapala, Eero", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "advisor", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.contributor.author", "value": "Rajala, Virpi", "language": null, "element": "contributor", "qualifier": "author", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.accessioned", "value": "2025-06-16T11:17:48Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "accessioned", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.available", "value": "2025-06-16T11:17:48Z", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "available", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.date.issued", "value": "2025", "language": null, "element": "date", "qualifier": "issued", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.identifier.uri", "value": "https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/103569", "language": null, "element": "identifier", "qualifier": "uri", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Rajala, VJ., 2025. Comparative analysis of ventilatory threshold responses during cycling and treadmill exercise in triathletes. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Master\u2019s thesis, 42 pages. 2 appendices.\n\nBackground: The understanding of physiological responses to exercise is essential knowledge, not only for enhancing athletic performance, but also in the field of sport medicine. Key metrics for assessing endurance performance are the ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and maximal oxygen uptake (V\u0307O2max). The primary objective of this study was to investigate and compare cardiovascular and respiratory thresholds and further responses between exercise modalities in a controlled laboratory setting. Chosen exercise modalities were cycling and treadmill exercise.\n\nMethods: Fourteen male triathletes participated in randomized crossover study, performing two maximal cardiopulmonary tests (CPETs): one on a cycle ergometry, and one on a treadmill with ski poles. The ventilatory thresholds were identified by using breath-by-breath gas exchange analysis and compared between the two exercise modalities. Same was done for the maximal oxygen uptake (V\u0307O2max). Participant characteristics such as age, body mass index (BMI), muscle mass and body fat percentage were also analyzed for their association with VT1 and VT2. \n\nResults: Both VT1 and VT2 occurred at significantly higher absolute (L/min) and relative (ml/kg/min) V\u0307O2, and at higher percentage of V\u0307O2max values during treadmill exercise when compared to cycling. Mean difference (L/min) for VT1 was -0.533 (95% CI -0.658 to -0.408, p <0.001) and for VT2 -0.478 (95% CI -0.617 to -0.339, p<0.001). Participant characteristics such as age, BMI, muscle mass and body fat percentage showed minimal predictive ability between VTs. During treadmill exercise, VT1 and BMI, and VT2 and muscle mass were associated with each other. None of the characteristics were linked between VTs and cycling. Both absolute and relative V\u0307O2max occurred higher during treadmill exercise than cycling. With mean difference (L/min) of -0.364 (95% CI -0.478 to -0.249, p<0.001).\n\nConclusion: This study provided insights into the influence of exercise modality on ventilatory thresholds. The results suggested that the exercise modality impacts the VTs and V\u0307O2max values. These results were majorly in alignment with previous research.\n\nKey words: ventilatory thresholds, exercise modalities, oxygen uptake, endurance athletes", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.abstract", "value": "Rajala, VJ., 2025. Comparative analysis of ventilatory threshold responses during cycling and treadmill exercise in triathletes. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n yliopisto, (Liikuntal\u00e4\u00e4ketiede) pro gradu -tutkielma, 42 s, 2 liitett\u00e4. \n\nTausta: Liikunnan fysiologisten vasteiden ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4minen on olennaista niin urheilullisen suorituskyvyn parantamiseksi, kuin my\u00f6s liikuntal\u00e4\u00e4ketieteiden alalle. Keskeisimm\u00e4t kest\u00e4vyyssuorituskyvyn arvioinnin mittarit ovat ventilaatiokynnykset (VTs) ja maksimaalinen hapenottokyky (V\u0307O2max). T\u00e4m\u00e4n tutkielman p\u00e4\u00e4tavoitteena on kartoittaa ja vertailla n\u00e4it\u00e4 kynnyksi\u00e4 ja mittareita ja muita vasteita eri harjoitusmuotojen v\u00e4lill\u00e4, kontrolloidussa laboratorioymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ss\u00e4. Valitut harjoitusmuodot olivat py\u00f6r\u00e4ily ja juoksumattoharjoittelu.\n\nMenetelm\u00e4t: Nelj\u00e4toista miestriathlonistia osallistui satunnaistettuun crossover-tutkimukseen, jossa he suorittivat kaksi maksimaalista kardiopulmonaalista testi\u00e4 (CPETs): yhden polkupy\u00f6r\u00e4 ergometrilla ja toisen juoksumatolla hiihtosauvojen kanssa. Ventilaatiokynnykset m\u00e4\u00e4riteltiin k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 kaasuanalyysi\u00e4 ja verrattiin kahden harjoitusmuodon v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Sama tehtiin V\u0307O2max:n osalta. Osallistujien ominaisuuksia, kuten ik\u00e4\u00e4, painoindeksi\u00e4 (BMI), lihasmassaa ja kehon rasvaprosenttia analysoitiin niiden yhteyksien suhteen VT1:n ja VT2:n kanssa.\n\nTulokset: VT1 ja VT2 molemmat ilmeniv\u00e4t merkitsev\u00e4sti korkeammilla absoluuttisilla (L/min) ja relatiivisella (ml/kg/min) V\u0307O2 arvoilla ja korkeammalla prosenttiosuudella V\u0307O2max:sta juoksumattoharjoittelun aikana verrattuna py\u00f6r\u00e4ergometriin. Keskim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4inen ero (L/min) VT1:lle oli -0.533 (95 % CI -0.658 - -0.408, p <0.001) ja VT2:lle VT2 -0.478 (95 % CI -0.617 - -0.339, p<0.001). Osallistujien ominaisuudet (ik\u00e4, BMI, lihasmassa ja kehon rasvaprosentti) osoittivat minimaalista assosiaatiota VTs:n v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Juoksumattoharjoittelun aikana VT1 ja BMI, sek\u00e4 VT2 ja lihasmassa olivat yhteydess\u00e4 toisiinsa. Mik\u00e4\u00e4n ominaisuuksista ei liittynyt VTs:n ja py\u00f6r\u00e4ergometrin v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Absoluuttinen ja suhteellinen V\u0307O2max esiintyiv\u00e4t molemmat korkeammalla juoksumattoharjoittelun aikana kuin py\u00f6r\u00e4 ergometrilla. Keskim\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4inen ero (L/min) oli -0.364 (95 % CI -0.478 - -0.249, p<0.001).\n\nJohtop\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6s: T\u00e4m\u00e4 tutkielma antoi tietoa harjoitusmuotojen vaikutuksesta ventilaatiokynnyksiin. Tulokset viittasivat siihen, ett\u00e4 harjoitusmuodolla on vaikutus VTs ja V\u0307O2max:n. N\u00e4m\u00e4 tulokset olivat pitk\u00e4lti linjassa aikaisempien tutkimuksien kanssa.\n\nAsiasanat: ventilaatiokynnykset, harjoitusmuodot, hapenottokyky, kest\u00e4vyysurheilijat", "language": "fi", "element": "description", "qualifier": "abstract", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Submitted by jyx lomake-julkaisija (jyx-julkaisija.group@korppi.jyu.fi) on 2025-06-16T11:17:48Z\nNo. of bitstreams: 0", "language": "en", "element": "description", "qualifier": "provenance", "schema": "dc"}, {"key": "dc.description.provenance", "value": "Made available in DSpace on 2025-06-16T11:17:48Z (GMT). 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